An Enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) continue to provide essential services for various applications such as surveillance, data gathering, and data transmission from the hazardous environments to safer destinations. This has been enhanced by the energy-efficient routing protocols that are mostly designed for such purposes. Gateway-based Energy-Aware Multi-hop Routing protocol (MGEAR) is one of the homogenous routing schemes that was recently designed to more efficiently reduce the energy consumption of distant nodes. However, it has been found that the protocol has a high energy consumption rate, lower stability period, less data transmission to the Base station (BS). In this paper, an enhanced Heterogeneous Gateway-based Energy-Aware multi-hop routing protocol ( HMGEAR) is proposed. The proposed routing scheme is based on the introduction of heterogeneous nodes in the existing scheme, selection of the head based on the residual energy, introduction of multi-hop communication strategy in all the regions of the network, and implementation of energy hole elimination technique. Results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms two existing ones.

MBMQA: A Multicriteria-Aware Routing Approach for the IoT 5G Network Based on D2D Communication

With the rapid development of future wireless networks, device-to-device (D2D) technology is widely used as the communication system in the Internet of Things (IoT) fifth generation (5G) network. The IoT 5G network based on D2D communication technology provides pervasive intelligent applications. However, to realize this reliable technology, several issues need to be critically addressed. Firstly, the device’s energy is constrained during its vital operations due to limited battery power; thereby, the connectivity will suffer from link failures when the device’s energy is exhausted. Similarly, the device’s mobility alters the network topology in an arbitrary manner, which affects the stability of established routes. Meanwhile, traffic congestion occurs in the network due to the backlog packet in the queue of devices. This paper presents a Mobility, Battery, and Queue length Multipath-Aware (MBMQA) routing scheme for the IoT 5G network based on D2D communication to cope with these key challenges. The back-pressure algorithm strategy is employed to divert packet flow and illuminate the device selection’s estimated value. Furthermore, a Multiple-Attributes Route Selection (MARS) metric is applied for the optimal route selection with load balancing in the D2D-based IoT 5G network. Overall, the obtained simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MBMQA routing scheme significantly improves the network performance and quality of service (QoS) as compared with the other existing routing schemes.

Features of hospitalization of patients in the trauma and orthopedic center in the context of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

The algorithm for examining patients for SARS-CoV-2 during admission to non-infectious hospitals, a unified route scheme for patients taking into account the potential infectious hazard is not regulated.The aim of the study is to identify the features of the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 during planned hospitalization in the field of “traumatology and orthopedics”; to present schemes for examining patients for SARS-CoV-2 during hospitalization and patient routing in the clinic.Materials and methods. The route and procedure of examination to exclude the nosocomial spread of COVID-19 in patients hospitalized for three months is described. 3366 survey results were analyzed.Results. Positive PCR tests for COVID-19 before hospitalization were obtained in 4.5 % of patients. High titers of IgM are found in 7.8 % of cases. At the level of the Pass Office, 10.5 % of arrivals were denied hospitalization. The CT scan of the chest organs, which was then carried out, revealed among the examined 9.1 % of asymptomatic pneumonia, of which 93.5 % – with radiological signs of COVID-19, 2/3 of “covid” pneumonia – with a CT-0 degree. Another part of hospitalizations was postponed due to somatic contraindications during clinical examination. After all the selection stages, 73.2 % of planned hospitalizations ended up. In the hospital, 12 cases of COVID-19 were detected in the postoperative period, more often on the 4th day after the operation. A total of 2,328 patients were discharged during the study period – 69.2 % of planned hospitalizations, a third of patients received a medical withdrawal from hospitalization due to COVID-19.Conclusions. The peculiarities of admitting patients to planned hospitalization in the traumatology and orthopedics profile is the difficulty of reliably detecting COVID-19 in a limited time. In some cases of asymptomatic course, the disease is detected only with the help of CT diagnostics. In 0.5 % of cases, COVID-19 is detected in the postoperative period. The described patient routing scheme, multistage diagnostics to exclude COVID-19 are able to ensure maximum infectious safety of patients and staff in the clinic.