Estimating Ship Underwater Radiated Noise from Onboard Vibrations

The acoustic signature of an Orca-class training vessel (Patrol Craft Training, PCT) Moose from the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was measured at the RCN’s Patricia Bay acoustic range on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The acoustic range trials included accelerometer measurements on the ship hull and in the engine room and hydrophone measurements at approximately 100 m from the ship. The trials were carried out at the ship speed range of 3 to 20 knots. The test data from all the trial runs was used to derive, evaluate and validate the method of estimating ship underwater radiated noise from onboard vibrations. In the investigation, the runs were split into two sets: a training set and a testing set. A least squares approximation, AQV (average quadratic velocity) SL (source level) correlation, was then applied to the training set data to formulate a transfer function to estimate the underwater radiated noise from onboard vibrations. The AQV is calculated from accelerometer measurements (vibration levels) and SL is obtained from the hydrophone measurements. The third octave frequency band (from 10 Hz to 10 kHz) SL estimations of the testing set runs (using the transfer function and AQV) are within 1 to 3 dB of SL from the hydrophone measurements. This study demonstrates a capability of monitoring underwater radiated noise from ships using only onboard vibration levels which may be of interest for future projects relating to the reduction of shipping noise against a threshold in acoustically sensitive environments.

“The Army Origin of the Royal Canadian Navy”: Canada’s Maritime Defences, 1855-1918

In 1954 army historian George Stanley claimed that naval initiatives from the eighteenth century to the 1870s by the French and British armies in Canada and the local land militia were the true roots of the Royal Canadian Navy. He privately admitted that he was being intentionally provocative. The present article, however, reviews subsequent scholarship and offers new research that strengthens Stanley’s findings, and shows that the Canadian army continued to promote the organization of naval forces after the 1870s. The army, moreover, lobbied for the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy in 1910, and supported the new service in its troubled early years. En 1954, l’historien de l’armée George Stanley a affirmé que les initiatives navales entreprises du 18e siècle aux années 1870 par les armées française et britannique au Canada et par la milice terrestre locale étaient les véritables racines de la Marine royale canadienne. Par contre, il a aussi admis en privé qu’il avait été délibérément provocateur. Le présent article passe en revue les études ultérieures et propose de nouvelles recherches qui viennent renforcer les conclusions de Stanley et indiquent que l’armée canadienne a continué de promouvoir l’organisation des forces navales après les années 1870. De plus, l’armée a fait pression en faveur de la fondation de la Marine royale canadienne en 1910, puis elle a appuyé le nouveau service au cours de ses premières années tumultueuses.

Running Aground: Reflections on Belief, Organizational Culture, Strategy, and Performance

A Canadian Navy destroyer ran aground more than 45 years ago. I have been thinking about it ever since, while in the Navy, and during my career as a management educator. I also have discussed it with my coauthors. Here is what we believe we can learn from that grounding.

Comparison of Royal Canadian Navy Watchstanding Schedules

ABSTRACT Introduction Life on board a naval vessel is exceptionally demanding. Workdays for naval sailors can quite easily become 18+ hours long when watch schedules, training, and drills/evolutions are taken into account. Rotating watches and short off-watch periods can force sailors into a biphasic sleep pattern that is not sufficiently restful or a rotating pattern that is impossible to adapt to. Materials and Methods Six different watch systems were evaluated over four separate at-sea trials. Engineering and tactical/combat departments have had different watch systems in the past because of constraints related to the specific environment in which they work. Therefore, two of the watch systems were engineering-specific watch evaluations, three of the systems were specific to tactical/combat departments, and one watch system was evaluated with the entire company of the naval vessel. Results Both two-section (1-in-2) watch systems and three-section (1-in-3) watch systems were evaluated, which involve two or three shifts of sailors rotating through a full continuous 24-h day, respectively. Moving beyond three rotations of sailors is impossible on Canadian naval vessels due to bunk space and other limitations. The best watch system that we evaluated with respect to fatigue and quality of life at sea was the 1-in-3 straight 8-h shift system that was tested for the entire ships’ company. The system has a single 8-h daily watch obligation (red watch, 4:00 am-12:00 pm; white watch 12:00 pm-8:00 pm; and blue watch, 8:00 pm-4:00 am). The best 1-in-2 system was the 8-4-4-8 system in which sailors are on-watch for 8 h, off-watch for 4 h, on-watch for 4 h, and then rest for 8 h. Both of these two systems have the advantage of equitably sharing the Window of Circadian Low (from about midnight to about 8:00 am), especially when melatonin concentration in the body is usually at its peak, between 2:00 am and 6:00 am. Conclusions The goal of this work was to comprehensively evaluate both submarine and surface fleet watch systems. We were able to develop alternative watch systems that increased Royal Canadian Navy operational readiness and improved the quality of life of our sailors at sea.

MATERIAL PROVISION OF CANADIAN VOLUNTEERS’ FAMILIES DURING WORLD WAR I

The article analyzes the Canadian government policy of social protection and support for soldiers’ dependents during World War I. The description of events begins when Canada entered the war (August 4, 1914) and ends when the North American Dominion switched to the system of compulsory military service (conscription) (August 29, 1917). The reconstruction of the details of the material support for soldiers’ dependents during the war helps reveal the details of the functioning of the Canadian government’s social policy in the early 20th century. The article is based on the legislative acts of the Dominion Government, official records of the debates in the Canadian parliament, and the Provincial press publications. It examines the institutional foundations of providing financial assistance to soldiers’ dependents using the example of the creation and activities of special state and non-state institutions (the Canadian Patriotic Fund, the Board of Pension Commissioners, and the Separation Allowance Board). It studies the process of forming the legislative base of social security for dependents of soldiers serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces and the Canadian Navy. The author traces the assignment and payment of social benefits to wives, children, parents and other dependents. The Canadian laws enacted during the war provided social assistance to military dependents in the form of state maintenance benefits and survivor’s pensions. The low rate of government benefits was offset by donations raised by charities. The process of creating special state bodies was very slow, and their activities were not always effective. Against this background, the work of the Canadian Patriotic Fund looked more fruitful.

C. Miller Fisher

When Charles Miller Fisher was born in 1913, there was little scientific knowledge about brain diseases and their treatment. Views of stroke, one of the most common and most feared among brain conditions, almost completely flip-flopped during the 20th century. At the midpoint of the century, when Fisher began his career, there was little public or medical interest in stroke. By the end of the century, stroke care and research were among the most intensely active areas within all of medicine. This book is the story of that change and of one physician, Dr. C. Miller Fisher, a main architect and driver of that change. Fisher’s university and medical training occurred in Canada. After a medical internship, he enlisted in the Canadian Navy, early during World War II. After his ship was sunk, he spent 3½ years in a prisoner-of-war camp in Germany. He became interested in stroke during postdoctoral studies in Boston. During a half-century career in Montreal and at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, he devoted his career to stroke. Much of the change in the care of patients with stroke and cerebrovascular disease can be directly attributable to his research, his writings, and his teachings and to the physicians he mentored lovingly during his long and fruitful career.

World War II and Experience as a British Naval Officer

In this chapter, Fisher’s marriage and brief experience in Montreal during the pre-World War II years are discussed. The bulk of this chapter concerns his induction into the Canadian Navy and his experiences on ships during the early portion of World War II. The sinking of one of the ships on which he served and his capture by the Germans are also discussed. Fisher enlisted in the Canadian Navy in 1940 and was commissioned as a Surgeon Lieutenant. In April 1941, the Germans sank the ship on which Fisher served, and he was captured and sent to Germany as a prisoner of war.