Reflections on the physical, executive developmental and systems applied framework in child neuropsychological rehabilitation

This paper describes the influence of the Physical, Executive, Developmental and Systems (PEDS) framework on the delivery of community-based child neuropsychological rehabilitation and how it has been enhanced by the proliferation of neuroscientific, neuropsychological and psychosocial research and evidence-base in childhood brain injury and rehabilitation over the past decade. The paper signposts to some of the key models, theories and concepts currently shaping service delivery. Application of the PEDS framework in a clinical case is described.

Effectiveness of a holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation program using virtual reality

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is associated with severe functional consequences at several levels: personal, psychological, social, physical, economic, and systemic. The main objective of the present study is to show the potential of applying virtual reality (VR) in neuropsychological rehabilitation and the consequent psychological and cognitive improvement of the person with ABI. A total of 27 participants of both sexes with moderate or severe ABI participated in an investigation in a clinical trial-type design with pre-test and post-test. Participants in the experimental group (n = 8) underwent a remote holistic neuropsychological intervention program supported by a VR platform: the Virtual Centre for the Rehabilitation of Road Accident Victims (VICERAVI). The experimental group results were compared with a first control group (n = 10) that underwent a conventional holistic neuropsychological intervention face-to-face program; and with a second control group that did not have any neuropsychological intervention (n = 9). We conclude that the VR-based neuropsychological rehabilitation program (NRP) at a distance produces better cognitive results in general cognitive functioning, learning, memory, and executive functioning than the conventional face-to-face NRP. Still, at the psychosocial level, the conventional NRP obtained results similar to those of the VR-based NRP, which did not produce significant improvements. Thus, the study results suggest that the development of VR-based holistic NRPs may benefit the autonomy of people with ABI.

Salzburg Visual Field Trainer (SVFT): A virtual reality device for (the evaluation of) neuropsychological rehabilitation

Objective “Visual Restitution Therapies” (VRT) claim to ameliorate visual field defects of neurological patients by repeated visual light stimulation, leading to training-related neuroplasticity and resulting in reconnection of lesioned neurons in early cortical areas. Because existing systems are stationary, uncomfortable, and unreliable, we developed a training instrument based on virtual reality goggles. The goal of the “Salzburg Visual Field Trainer” (SVFT) is twofold: (1) The device facilitates the clinical evaluation of established neuropsychological rehabilitation approaches, such as VRT. (2) The device enables patients to independently perform VRT based (or other) neuropsychological training methodologies flexibly and comfortably. Methods and analysis The SVFT was developed on the principles of VRT. Individual configuration of the SVFT is based on perimetric data of the respective patient’s visual field. To validate the utmost important aspect of neuropsychological rehabilitation methodologies—that is displaying stimuli precisely in desired locations in the user’s visual field—two steps were conducted in this proof-of-concept study: First, we assessed the individual “blind spots” location and extent of 40 healthy, normal sighted participants. This was done with the help of our recently developed perimetric methodology “Eye Tracking Based Visual Field Analysis” (EFA). Second, depending on the individual characteristics of every participant’s blind spots, we displayed—by means of the SVFT—15 stimuli in the respective locations of every participants’ blind spots and 85 stimuli in the surrounding, intact visual area. The ratio between visible and non-visible stimuli, which is reflected in the behavioral responses (clicks on a remote control) of the 40 participants, provides insight into the accuracy of the SVFT to display training stimuli in areas desired by the investigator. As the blind spot is a naturally occurring, absolute scotoma, we utilized this blind area as an objective criterion and a “simulated” visual field defect to evaluate the theoretical applicability of the SVFT. Results Outcomes indicate that the SVFT is highly accurate in displaying training stimuli in the desired areas of the user’s visual field with an accuracy of 99.0%. Data analysis further showed a sensitivity of .98, specificity of .99, a positive predictive value of .96, a negative predictive value of .996, a hit rate of .99, a random hit rate of .74 and a RATZ-Index of .98. This translates to 14.7% correct non-reactions, 0.7% false non-reactions, 0.3% false reactions and 84.3% correct reactions to displayed test stimuli during the evaluation study. Reports from participants further indicate that the SVFT is comfortable to wear and intuitive to use. Conclusions The SVFT can help to investigate the true effects of VRT based methodologies (or other neuropsychological approaches) and the underlying mechanisms of training-related neuroplasticity in the visual cortex in neurological patients suffering from visual field defects.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation, neuroimaging and neuroplasticity: A clinical commentary

Initial brain imaging studies on recovery of motor functioning after stroke suggested their potential prognostic value in neurorehabilitation. However, the value of brain imaging in documenting brain changes associated with cognitive and behavioral treatment effects seem less likely. Also, neuroimaging studies at that time seem to have little, if any, value for treatment planning. Advances in neuroimaging technology are beginning to challenge these initial impressions. In this clinical commentary, we propose that advances in the field of neuroimaging have relevance for the future development of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Neuropsychological rehabilitation is entering a new era which involves collaboration with neuroimaging and associated studies on neuroplasticity. We recognize that this may seem “aspirational” rather than practical in most rehabilitation settings. However, we provide examples of how this can be achieved as illustrated by collaborative efforts of clinicians and scientists in the SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals in Brazil. We also review selective papers on neuroplasticity, spontaneous recovery and diaschisis that have relevance for research which will expand and further develop the field of neuropsychological rehabilitation.