Phantom Pains: The Effect of Police Killings of Black Americans on Black British Attitudes

What effect does black politics in the United States have on the attitudes of black citizens in other national contexts? Literature on the black diaspora and transnationalism has characterized cultural and political linkages between black communities in North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, especially during the mid-20th century. In this article, I exploit random timing in the administration of a public attitudes survey to demonstrate that such linkages persist and that the police killing of Eric Garner in 2014 negatively affected black Londoners’ attitudes toward the Metropolitan Police. Notably, I find the effect was largely concentrated among black Londoners: estimates of an effect on white and South Asian Londoners were small and largely insignificant. The evidence presented here demonstrates that racial violence in the United States can affect racial politics in other national contexts and helps frame the emergence of Black Lives Matter chapters and protests beyond the United States.

Delayed Return: Consolidation of the Zimbabwean Diaspora and Transnationalism

This article discusses consolidation of the Zimbabwean diaspora and its transnational activities. It presents formation of this particular diaspora as an unanticipated development that is contingent upon circumstances as they evolve in both sending and receiving countries. It draws from longitudinal research with Zimbabwean migrants in Germany and South Africa to illustrate this argument. It also borrows from Tsuda’s transnational outcome framework to provide a nuanced understanding of Zimbabwean migrants’ varied relationships with both Zimbabwe and the receiving countries. The article argues that migrants’ decision to settle for the long-term in the receiving country is not always made at the same time as the decision to migrate itself or in the initial stages of life in the receiving country. There are many cases among Zimbabwean migrants showing that migration was initially perceived as quest for reprieve from the country’s economic and political challenges while they “waited” for the situation to improve. However, the crisis in Zimbabwe has dragged on for more than two decades with no tangible solution in sight thus transforming waiting into settling. Economic and political factors in Zimbabwe as well as factors in the receiving countries influenced the formation and consolidation of the Zimbabwean diaspora and its transnational activities. Diaspora formation and consolidation in this case is an outcome of migrants’ adaptation of their initial plans to new realities obtaining in both the sending and receiving countries.

THE CONCEPT OF «DIASPORA» IN RESEARCH WORKS OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS: PARTICULARITIES OF INTERPRETATIONS AND USE

The author of the article shows that the term «Diaspora» is often found in foreign scientific circulation. Scientists are gradually introducing new understandings and meanings into the content of the concept of «Diaspora». The definition of «Diaspora» is based on various criteria and characteristics - ethnic, religious, economic, political, etc. And although this word was used in the distant past, however, fundamental developments regarding the concept of «Diaspora» appeared relatively long ago. In the 90s of the twentieth century, a large number of different definitions and typologies of diasporas were proposed, even a new discipline was formed – Diaspora studies. It was during this period that the use of terms such as «Diaspora» and «transnationalism» increased. The author emphasizes the importance of research by such foreign scientists as John A. Armstrong, Rogers Brubaker, Michel Bruneau, Nicholas Van Hear, Milton J. Esman, James Clifford, Robin Cohen, Alain Medam, William Safran, Valeriy Tishkov, Thomas Faist, Gabriel Sheffer. Analyzes the well-known works of these authors regarding the definition of the concept of «Diaspora» and its types. Draws attention to the fact that diasporas today are not only historically formed communities that live outside the country of origin and adhere to ethnocultural traditions. These are certain forces of influence on the authorities of the country of residence and a political instrument in the international arena. The development of modern technologies, expanded access to cyberspace has also affected the functioning of the diasporas. These changes were reflected in new terms – «e-diasporas», «net-diasporas», «web-diasporas», «Onlinediasporas», «digital diasporas». Proves the need for a clear definition of the concept of «Diaspora», because the process of Diaspora takes on new forms and the influence of diasporas is increasing both in the countries of residence and in the countries of origin. The lack of a definition of the specified period directs scientists to further study the problem.

Understanding Currents and Theories in Indian and African Postcolonial Literature: Themes, Tropes and Discourse in the Wider Context of Postcolonialism

The postcolonial narratives we see today are a study in contrast and tell a different tale from their colonial predecessors as minorities and individuals finally have found the voice and position to tell their stories. Histories written about our culture and societies have now found a new purpose and voice. The stories we have passed down from generation to generation through both oral and written histories, continue to morph and change with the tide of time as they re-centre our cultural narratives and shared experiences. As a result, the study of diaspora and transnationalism have altered the way in which we view identity in different forms of multimedia and literature. In this paper, the primary question which will be examined is, how and to what extent does Indian post-colonial literature figure in the formation of identity in contemporary art and literature in the context of ongoing postcolonial ideas and currents? by means of famous and notable postcolonial literary works and theories of Indian authors and theoreticians, with a special focus on the question and notion of identity. This paper works on drawing parallels between themes in Indian and African postcolonial literary works, especially themes such as power, hegemony, east meets west, among others. In this paper, European transnationalism will also be analysed as a case study to better understand postcolonialism in different contexts. The paper will seek to explore some of the gaps in the study of diasporic identity and postcolonial studies and explore some of the changes and key milestones in the evolution of the discourse over the decades.

Diaspora and Transnationalism: the Changing Contours of Ethnonational Identity of Indian Diaspora

Diasporic communities have historically maintained—either actively or passively—their ethnonational identities, be it in the case of classical diasporas such as the Jews or Armenians or the case of more modern diasporas such as the Indians or other South Asians. However, the ethnonational identities of diasporic communities have strengthened significantly in recent times as a result of the global forces such as the Internet that created and recreated the existing and newer ways of transnationalism and ethnonationalism. The study of the Indian diaspora is inherent because of the fact that these global forces have drastically changed the ethnonational identity of Indians in the diaspora. There are a plethora of factors that played an important role in this process of transformation. This article tries to examine two of the most significant factors that strengthened the ethnonational identity, such as the dynamic changes in the Indian government policy towards diaspora and the role of the Internet that facilitates the youth to play a prominent role in this neo-diaspora.

Exile and Postexile in Analytical Perspective

This chapter explains the logic of the selection of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay as the focus of analysis on exile, diaspora, and return, indicating the puzzling divergence of their paths from authoritarian rule into democratization. Against the background of regional closeness and cooperation, cycles of authoritarian dictatorships, and varied workings of democracy, we explore the role of key intellectual and political figures affecting the distinctive paths of the new and restored democracies. The chapter also positions this work as maintaining an analytical/theoretical and empirical dialogue with several interrelated corpuses of research in the humanities and social sciences; namely, the chapter addresses issues dealing with exile, expatriation, and forced migration; diaspora and transnationalism; processes of political transition, transitional justice, and cultural transformation; and the construction and reconstruction of collective identities, including hybrid identities. Finally, the chapter provides readers with a road map to the remaining chapters of the book.