Pakistan, Bangladesh fail to tackle online violence

Significance However, women as well as gender minorities in these countries have experienced an uptick in cyberviolence in recent years. Most existing laws lack clear definition on what constitutes gender-based cybercrimes, and some cybercrime laws have been misused to limit free speech and increase state surveillance. Impacts Across South Asia, content regulation laws for tech platforms are likely to be used to target dissidents. Tech platforms do not face an immediate political push to improve the safety of their female customers. Civil society activism on digital dignity will create reputational risks for platforms failing to take action.

Overview, Framework, and Research Propositions of Secondhand Exchange in the Platform Economy

This chapter describes secondhand exchange in the context of the platform economy. Consumers have long engaged in reselling and buying used items as an alternative to purchasing firsthand items, but researchers have little understanding of how these exchanges are different theoretically from traditional consumption patterns. This chapter presents a clear definition of secondhand exchange and separates it from related concepts, including lateral exchange markets, the sharing economy, access-based consumption, and collaborative consumption. It is suggested that secondhand exchange and related consumer behavior in the platform economy can be understood by considering platform differences related to 1) when and how product ownership is transferred (i.e., direct and indirect), 2) the level of platform intermediation (i.e., low, moderate, or high), and 3) buyers' knowledge of reseller identity (i.e., unknown, obscured, and known). Research propositions are presented for these dimensions for each facet of the consumption process (i.e., buying, owning, and disposal).

Essential Professional and Expert Human Resources Needs

Qualified human resources are a critical and essential factor in planning a smart city, implementing it, and in providing capabilities for forward thinking and enhancing the ongoing operation and performance. This chapter examines the human resources development needed for smart cities transformation, management, and organizational need for projects and practices required. A clear distinction is introduced between the institutional role, operations role, and development roles. With emphasis on technology skills and the needed technical know-how, an overview of soft skills and most demanded tasks for smart cities are presented. With clear definition and modeling human resource management for smart cities, this chapter provides a pragmatic approach to human resource planning and management for the digital transformation of smart cities.

Gamification for Technology-Enhanced Language Teaching and Learning

This chapter explores gamification as an innovative pedagogical strategy in language learning with the use of technology. The authors examine the construct of gamification, arguing for the need of a clear definition as many authors use various terms interchangeably. The dynamics, mechanics, and components to conform a gamified learning experience are presented. The chapter describes current research and teaching experiences on gamification and technology-enhanced teaching and learning. Two approaches are identified: the use or design of gamified apps and gamified learning experiences designed entirely by teachers and implemented with the help of different technologies. Some tools and platforms for gamification are discussed and recommendations on how to implement a successful gamified teaching intervention are provided. Two approaches to researching gamification are also proposed.

Revisiting the circumscription of Chusquea anelythra (Poaceae–Bambusoideae–Bambuseae): lectotypification, redescription, geographic distribution, and conservation status

With 193 described species, Chusquea is the most diverse bamboo genus in the Neotropical region. Brazil, with 48 accepted species and 44 of them endemic, is one of its major centers of diversity. Among the Brazilian species, C. anelythra was only superficially characterized in its original publication almost 200 years ago, without a clear definition of its type-material, description of culm leaves, or comments on its geographic distribution or related species. As the absence of such information has greatly complicated the taxonomic delimitation of C. anelythra, the major aim of this paper is to clarify the identity of this species based on fieldwork and herbarium investigation, providing an emended description, illustrations, and photos of this species. We also designate a lectotype for the name C. anelythra, and provide a morphological comparison with two similar members of the C. meyeriana informal group. Geographic distribution and conservation status are also updated for this species.

Measurements that matter with hybrid model of estimation

The biggest challenge of delivering projects on time, especially in the field of Telecommunication, is proper planning and correct estimation of the effort. Such estimations while different phases of the development could be extremely thorny and easily can jeopardize final goals and handover on time. Thus, in this paper, the proposed approach of Hybrid model estimation is to reduce such unlike stakes and give a clear definition of “how needs to be done” with regular estimations transferred to Story Points.

The Elusive “Developmental Mechanism”: What they are and how to study and test them

Few issues have garnered as much attention as that of understanding mechanisms of developmental change. Understanding mechanisms of developmental change is important because it allows researchers to go beyond studying at what age an ability emerges to understanding the processes by which those abilities develop in the first place. Despite the clear importance of mechanisms, the notion of a developmental mechanism or mechanism of developmental change remains largely undefined and there exists no clear guidance on how to study these mechanisms systematically in the developmental literature. Given these outstanding questions, this paper has two main aims. The first aim was to provide a clear definition of mechanisms of developmental change that aligns most closely with how most, if not all, developmental psychologists think about developmental mechanisms. The second goal was to provide concrete suggestions for how developmental scientists might study and test different kinds of mechanisms of developmental change based on their perceived manipulability. One of the main arguments of the paper is that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to studying and testing mechanisms of developmental change and that how developmental researchers study them depends crucially on their perceived manipulability.

Cauda equina syndrome—a practical guide to definition and classification

Purpose International uniformity of definition and classification are crucial for diagnosis and management of cauda equina syndrome (CES). They are also useful for clinicians when discussing CES with patients and relatives, and for medicolegal purposes. Methods We reviewed published literature using PubMed on definition and classification of cauda equina syndrome since 2000 (21 years). Using the search terms ‘cauda equina’ and ‘definition’ or ‘classification’, we found and reviewed 212 papers. Results There were 17 different definitions of CES used in the literature. There were three well-defined methods of classification of CES. The two-stage system of incomplete CES (CESI) versus CES with retention (CESR) is the most commonly used classification, and has prognostic value although the details of this continue to be debated. Conclusion We used the existing literature to propose a clear definition of CES. We also drew on peer-reviewed published literature that has helped to amplify and expand the CESI/CESR dichotomy, adding categories that are both less severe than CESI, and more severe than CESR, and we propose clear definitions in a table form to assist current and future discussion and management of CES.

Assessing Intestinal Health. In Vitro and Ex vivo Gut Barrier Models of Farm Animals: Benefits and Limitations

Animal performance is determined by the functionality and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Complex mechanisms and interactions are involved in the regulation of GIT functionality and health. The understanding of these relationships could be crucial for developing strategies to improve animal production yields. The concept of “gut health" is not well defined, but this concept has begun to play a very important role in the field of animal science. However, a clear definition of GIT health and the means by which to measure it are lacking. In vitro and ex vivo models can facilitate these studies, creating well-controlled and repeatable conditions to understand how to improve animal gut health. Over the years, several models have been developed and used to study the beneficial or pathogenic relationships between the GIT and the external environment. This review aims to describe the most commonly used animals' in vitro or ex vivo models and techniques that are useful for better understanding the intestinal health of production animals, elucidating their benefits and limitations.

What Privacy Is

Privacy issues are everywhere in our society, but we struggle with them in part because we lack a clear definition of privacy on which we can agree. Scholars have struggled to define privacy, but lots of concepts in our law, like “free speech” and “equality,” have been protected without clear agreement on a specific definition. Thus, we need not let our hang-ups about privacy’s definitional problem stop us from talking about it and protecting it. The chapter offers a working definition of privacy for the book as “the extent to which human information is neither known nor used. This definition focuses on (1) information privacy rather than other kinds of privacy; (2) information about humans; (3) the use of information rather than its mere collection; and (4) the importance of thinking about information use as a matter of degree rather than a binary on/off state.