INTERMEDIATE UNITS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM

The article discusses functionality and intermediate units, their different interpretations in linguistics, including the views of Prague structuralisms.

Lithology and geochemistry of the Guadalupe Group base around Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia

The base of the Guadalupe Group, in the Tunja area of Colombia, contains cherts, porcellanites, mudstones, and siltstones with subordinate quartz arenites. The lithostratigraphic description of two stratigraphic sections showed that the dominant facies have fine granular textures and siliceous compositions, which considerably differ from those of the prevailing sandy terrigenous facies described in the type locality in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, in the Arenisca Dura Formation, the basal unit of the Guadalupe Group in this sector. The units that form the Guadalupe Group (base of the Guadalupe Group, Plaeners, and Arenisca Tierna) markedly differ from each other morphologically, which facilitates their mapping because the base and top units generate a steep morphology, and the intermediate units form surface depressions or valleys, similar to the morphology of the Guadalupe Group in its type locality in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá. The base of the Guadalupe Group consists of cherts and porcellanites toward the NW of the study area (Alto del Gavilán section), with mudstones, siltstones, quartz arenites, and to a lesser extent porcellanites and cherts prevailing toward the SE (Vereda Salitre section). Geochemical analysis of total rock samples by XRD and XRF confirmed the primarily siliceous nature of the base of the Guadalupe Group, with SiO2 ranging from 62 to 98%, CaO less than 3.0%, and P2O5 peaking at 15.0%. Etayo-Serna (2015) conducted paleontological determinations of ammonites found in the stratigraphic section of Alto del Gavilán and assigned the base of the Guadalupe Group mainly to the Lower Campanian.

Crystallographic and Seismic Anisotropies of Calcite at Different Depths: A Study Using Quantitative Texture Analysis by Neutron Diffraction

Eight samples of limestones and marbles were studied by neutron diffraction to collect 2 Quantitative Texture (i.e., Crystallographic Preferred Orientations or CPO) of calcite deforming at 3 different depths in the crust. We studied the different Texture patterns developed in shear zones at 4 different depth and their influence on seismic anisotropies. Samples were collected in the French and 5 Italian Alps, Apennines, and Paleozoic Sardinian basement. They are characterized by isotropic to 6 highly anisotropic (e.g., mylonite shear zone) fabrics. Mylonite limestones occur as shear zone horizons 7 within the Cenozoic Southern Domain in Alpine thrust-and-fold belts (Italy), the Briançonnais domain 8 of the Western Alps (Italy-France border), the Sardinian Paleozoic back-thrusts or in the Austroalpine 9 intermediate units. The analyzed marbles were collected in the Carrara Marble, in the Austroalpine Units 10 in the Central (Mortirolo) and Western Alps (Valpelline). The temperature and depth of development of fabrics vary from < 100◦C, to 800◦C and depth from <10 km to about 30 km, corresponding from upper 12 to lower crust conditions. Quantitative Texture Analysis shows different types of patterns for calcite: 13 random to strongly textured. Textured types may be further separated in orthorhombic and monoclinic 14 (Types A and B), based on the angle defined with the mesoscopic fabrics. Seismic anisotropies were 15 calculated by homogenizing the single crystal elastic tensor, using the Orientation Distribution Function 16 calculated by the Quantitative Texture Analysis. The resulting P- and S-waves anisotropies show a wide 17 variability due to the textural types, temperature and pressure conditions, and dip of the shear planes.

Alternative Visual Units for an Optimized Phoneme-Based Lipreading System

Lipreading is understanding speech from observed lip movements. An observed series of lip motions is an ordered sequence of visual lip gestures. These gestures are commonly known, but as yet are not formally defined, as `visemes’. In this article, we describe a structured approach which allows us to create speaker-dependent visemes with a fixed number of visemes within each set. We create sets of visemes for sizes two to 45. Each set of visemes is based upon clustering phonemes, thus each set has a unique phoneme-to-viseme mapping. We first present an experiment using these maps and the Resource Management Audio-Visual (RMAV) dataset which shows the effect of changing the viseme map size in speaker-dependent machine lipreading and demonstrate that word recognition with phoneme classifiers is possible. Furthermore, we show that there are intermediate units between visemes and phonemes which are better still. Second, we present a novel two-pass training scheme for phoneme classifiers. This approach uses our new intermediary visual units from our first experiment in the first pass as classifiers; before using the phoneme-to-viseme maps, we retrain these into phoneme classifiers. This method significantly improves on previous lipreading results with RMAV speakers.

New trepostomate bryozoans from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco and the temperature influence on zooid size

New Upper Ordovician trepostomate bryozoans from the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco have been identified. They have been collected from the lower and intermediate units of the Khabt-el-Hajar Formation, late Katian in age, representing, respectively, bryozoan-pelmatozoan meadows with siliciclastic input, degraded by wave activity in a mid-ramp setting, and outer-ramp environments with marly substrates. Ten species of the generaCyphotrypa,Calloporella,Diplotrypa,Parvohallopora,Dekayia, andAostiporaare described. Of them, three species are new:Cyphotrypa regularisJiménez-Sánchez,Parvohallopora cystataJiménez-Sánchez, andAostipora elongataJiménez-Sánchez. Univariate statistical analyses of the sub-polar Moroccan species, in addition to other congeneric species of high, middle, and low latitudes, corroborate that for the trepostomate bryozoan the temperature of the ambient water was a primary control on zooecium size variations. Nevertheless, other environmental factors, besides temperature, must have also influenced significantly the zooid size, at least in low latitudes. Our data also give further support for considering the zooecium wall thickness as a limiting factor for the zooid size increment with latitude in the trepostomates.

Informativeness, Incentive Compensation, and the Choice of Inventory Buffer

ABSTRACT: Previous research in management accounting and economics has noted the potential for complementarities between the firm’s performance measurement system and its other organizational design choices. We add to this literature by studying how the informativeness and incentive properties of a performance metric can be influenced by one particular organizational design choice—the size of the firm’s inventory buffers. We model a manufacturing setting in which an agent manages a workstation that processes intermediate units. As intermediate units arrive, they are stored in an inventory buffer until the agent can process them. The buffer can hold a maximum number of intermediate units—its buffer size. The agent is compensated on the basis of his workstation’s throughput. We characterize the conditions under which reducing the inventory buffer enhances/degrades the informativeness of the performance metric and, hence, mitigates/exacerbates the agent’s incentive problem.

Patient Destination after Discharge from Intensive Care Units: Wards or Intermediate Care Units?

This study characterizes patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of hospitals that have intermediate units (IU) regarding their demographic and clinical data and identifies factors related to discharge from these units. This prospective longitudinal study involved 600 adult patients hospitalized in general ICUs in four hospitals in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar to those found in other studies addressing patients hospitalized in ICUs. Factors associated with discharge from ICU to IU were: age ≥60 years, diseases related to the nervous, circulatory or respiratory systems, originated from the IU, and Simplified Acute Physiologic Score II (SAPS II), Logistic Organ Dysfunction (LODS) and Nursing Activities Scores (NAS) at admission and discharge from the ICU. Age and risk of death at admission in the ICU, according to SAPS II, stood out as indicators of discharge to IUs in the Multiple Logistic Regression analysis.