Les textes francophones malgaches sont-ils hybrides?

Francophone literary production in Madagascar, although born out of a colonial context, has found its own voice in terms of the codes and themes it uses. It seeks to take its place in Francophone literature through comprehension based on a common language. However, the works written in French are informed by the cultural, social, spiritual and linguistic context of Madagascar. The resulting texts are full of allusions to prestigious literary genres, shared concerns and concepts whose comprehension is difficult for a readership which understands the words without understanding their cultural connotations. It is necessary to reflect on the specific task of the literary critic who may, whilst respecting the dynamics of a literary text, add annotations in the form of ‘cultural translations’. The aim would be not to smother a body of work, which must be allowed to maintain its own nuances, but to allow better knowledge of the works and to make more effective the intercultural exchanges which are part of contemporary globalisation.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IDIOMS WITH THE WORD “HAND” IN ENGLISH, SPANISH AND ALBANIAN

Idioms as phraseological expressions in English have always been a topic of interest for linguists, because they represent a rich world of words, which are always attractive to be analyzed. Every language has idioms and native speakers use them very normally. However, non-native speakers find them hard to understand and even harder to use them in their communication. The paper is focused on the idioms in English which have the word “hand” in them. Furthermore, those English idioms are compared to Spanish and Albanian idioms. The aim of the study is to see where those three languages have the same idioms, based on cultural translations, and where are they different. Most of the often-used idioms which include the word “hand” were found to be the same in Spanish and Albanian. Only few of them are completely different and don’t include the word “hand”, but they still convey the same message. The examples taken are compared based on full equivalence, partial equivalence and non equivalence meaning.