The Application of Anaerobic Plastic Media Biofilter for Removal of Ammonia and Oil and Grease in Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Slaughterhouse wastewater generally contains organic substances, fatty oils and ammonia which can cause pollution to the environment. This study aims to analyze the removal efficiency of ammonia, oil and grease and pH of the slaughterhouse wastewater from Banda Aceh using an anaerobic biofilter. The bioreactor was acclimatized for 30 days to form a biofilm layer before being used as a biofilter. The results showed a decrease in the oil and grease content and pH of the slaughterhouse wastewater after given 6 days contacted time. Ammonia parameter increased by 2.02%, while the efficiency of oil and grease and pH also increased by 96.667% and 30.927%, respectively. It can be concluded that the anaerobic plastic media biofilter has been able to reduce the oil grease content and pH of slaughterhouse below the quality standard, except for ammonia which exceeds the quality standard of Environmental Government Regulation no. 5 of 2014.

Fluid-total pressure partitioning in shear banding poro-visco-elasto-plastic media

<p><span>Fluid injection is one of the main triggers of induced seismicity. Accurate numerical modeling of such processes is crucial for the safety of many affected regions. We propose a high-resolution numerical simulation of the strain localization in elasto-plastic and poro-visco-elasto-plastic media with a particular focus on the fluid pressure distribution. The resolution of our numerical model is 10000 by 10000 grid cells. The simulation is accelerated using graphical processing units (GPUs), thus, the total simulation time is in the order of a few minutes. We implement a pressure-dependent Mohr-Coulomb plastic law and study the influence of fluid pressure on the triggering of shear bands. Mean stress is partitioned between fluid pressure and total pressure. This study is particularly important since the effective stress law (the difference between fluid and total pressures) controls brittle failure. We vary viscosity and permeability as well as initial conditions for fluid pressure to explore the physics of shear bands nucleation. We show that fluid pressure in hydro-mechanically coupled media significantly affects the strain localization pattern compared to only elasto-plastic media. Permeability and viscosity are important parameters that control the fluid pressure distribution in the localized shear zones. This work is a preliminary study to model induced seismicity due to the fluid injection in fluid-saturated rocks described as fully coupled poro-visco-elasto-plastic media. </span></p>

Introduction

This introductory chapter provides an overview of modernism. Modernism has long been understood as a particularly active period for interarts exchange, and recent interventions have made clear exactly how deeply modernism engaged with new and popular media, from film to radio and phonography. Modernist intermediality extends beyond biography and beyond ekphrasis, and visual and plastic media can make themselves felt without reference to preexisting, definable artworks. They do so, as this book demonstrates, in visual motifs, evocations of specific genres, and considerations of how people experience art. This book shows how such an expanded, nuanced sense of modernist intermediality produces an altogether different understanding of modernist form from the one that circulates today.

Relative Effect of Additional Solid Media on Bubble Hydrodynamics in Bubble Column and Airlift Reactors towards Mass Transfer Enhancement

Many researchers have focused on multi-phase reactor development for improving mass transfer performance. However, solid particle addition in gas–liquid contactor for better oxygen mass transfer performance is still limited. Hence, this study aims to analyze the relative effect of different types of local solid media on the bubble hydrodynamic characteristics towards mass transfer enhancement in bubble columns (BCR) and airlift reactors (ALR). This was investigated by varying solid media types (ring, sphere, cylinder, and square), solid loadings (0%–15%), and superficial gas velocities (Vg) (2.6–15.3 × 10−3 m/s) in terms of the bubble hydrodynamic and oxygen mass transfer parameters. The result showed that bubble size distribution in BCR and ALR with additional plastic media was smaller than that without media addition, approximately 22%–27% and 5%–29%, respectively, due to the increase of the bubble breaking rate and the decrease of the bubble rising velocity (UB). Further, adding media in both reactors significantly decreased the UB value. Since media increased flow resistance, resulting in decreased liquid velocity, it can also be the moving bed to capture or block the bubbles from free rising. Therefore, oxygen mass transfer performance was investigated. The oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) in BCR with solid media addition was enhanced up to 31%–56% compared to a non-addition case, while this enhancement was greater at higher solid loading due to its higher effective surface, resulting in a higher bubble break-up rate compared to the lower loading. In ALR, up to 38.5% enhanced KLa coefficient was archived after adding plastic media over the non-addition case. In conclusion, ring and cylinder media were found to be the most significant for improving KLa value in BCR and ALR, respectively, without extra energy.

Symmetrical Analysis of Low-Cost Filter Media and Their Efficiency in Treatment of Water

Separating is a compelling procedure in expelling particles from water because utilization of sand become nowadays is very challenging in filtration process. It is a necessity to find an alternative media which must satisfy the low cost, easy availability, high durable with less zone required and discharge of water. Many ponds are contaminated mostly in high level of turbidity. In this work it is identified the various synthetic filter media taken examined for the replacement sand. The high level of turbid water may contain slit, dissolved organic compounds, and other microscopic organisms. So, in this method all contaminants are removed. The filtration procedure was created to break down and filtration of lab scale arrangement was planned. The performance as concerns lab scale reactor was optimized by using HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) granules are easily available in all polymer industries are used as a filter media. A proportional study of natural filter media sand and synthetic filter media HDPE granules was undergone for investigation. This two-filter media were selected because of its locally available and two different size of media (sand 2.5 mm, HDPE 3.5 mm) were evaluated. Bentonite (20mg/l ≈ 120 NTU). Identified two parameters were influenced the filtration recital i.e. media depth, filtration velocity. The outcomes uncovered to evacuate turbidity in best conditions where start to be low filtration rate (10.62 l/m² min), extended media midst (240mm). The removal of turbidity in sand was 70% and in plastic media was 55%. Nevertheless, headloss was achieved in higher manner comparing to plastic media. The treated water used as agriculture purpose.