The Definite Referring Expressions of the Prophet Muhammad's Implicated Speech and its Educational Value

The aims of this study is to analyze the definite referring expressions of the Prophet Muhammad's Implicated Speech and its Educational Value. This is qualitative study with the data in the form of dialogical utterances speech involving two parties, namely the Prophet Muhammad and his best friend. While the source of this research data is a collection of valid hadith narrated by Bukhari and Muslim. In this study, the data collected was analyzed with an explanatory comparative technique with Miles and Huberman's flow analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data presentation, and inference / verification. The results of this study indicate that the expression of certain reference in the implied implications of the Prophet Muhammad can be identified based on certain sciences, such as mathematics and linguistics. The use of this knowledge base is adjusted to the number and type of certain reference expressions used. By using a certain knowledge base, all definite reference expressions in the explicator can be identified so that the meaning is clear. Clarity of meaning that is associated with the context of communication or shared knowledge in this case is an important property of understanding implicates. For further explained, the expression of reference must be in the process of refinement, the process of refinement is in the explanatory, the exploitation is in the implied speech, the implied speech is in the pragmatic or speaking practice. This shows that the expression of reference must be at the point in speaking activities. The use of definite reference expressions, thus implies high-level speaking skills. Higher-level speaking skills are even better when identifying certain expressions of reference in the speech used requires mastering knowledge in mathematics, linguistics, and so on. In other words, the better the quality of a speech if the speaker is conditioned to operate the multidisciplinary knowledge he has in identifying the expression of certain reference because it has educational value.

Las oraciones de relativo y la definitud de su antecedente expreso

The paper is concerned with the (in)definite reference of a noun phrase which is the head of a relative clause in Spanish. Speaker and hearer do not share any knowledge of the referent on the basis of previous mention (anaphora) or situational uses. There is something about the relative clause which makes a first-mention definite article possible. We take an insight into the contents of the description conveyed by such relatives.

Bare classifier/noun alternations in the Jinyun (Wu) variety of Chinese and the encoding of definiteness

Certain numeral classifier languages allow for the combination of a classifier and a noun to represent a definite individual/entity when no numeral accompanies the classifier (Vietnamese, Bangla, Oriya, Hmong, varieties of Chinese). In many instances, such a patterning alternates with the use of a bare noun to reference definite individuals/entities, but there has been little systematic study of such alternations, and whether the “bare classifier” and “bare noun” patterns are in free variation or encode different aspects of definite reference. The current paper argues for the latter conclusion with a detailed study of the Jinyun variety of Chinese, showing that bare classifier and bare noun patterns are used to highlight different aspects of “definiteness.” The bare classifier pattern dominates cases of anaphoric definite reference, bridging cross-reference, reference to salient visible entities and non-speaker kin terms and personal relations, while bare nouns are used predominantly for individuals and entities perceived to be specifically unique or directly connected to the speaker. This distribution interestingly shows strong parallels to the way that languages with more than one definite article use such elements for definite reference.

Transmuting F. H. Bradley: T. S. Eliot’s Notes Towards a Theory of Poetry

The second essay cluster examines the annotations made in books from Eliot’s personal library, recently made available to researchers for the first time. In the first essay, Callison offers the first extensive reading of Eliot’s marginalia to F. H. Bradley’s Appearance and Reality. Callison notes a stylistic shift in Eliot’s critical prose, particularly in the philosophical essays written at Harvard and during Michaelmas term 1914 at Oxford, while he was studying and annotating Bradley. In addition to examining Eliot’s annotations and their relevance to his developing philosophical mind, Callison uses these annotations to explain Eliot’s retrospective assessment of Bradley’s “style” as the means by which the philosopher most indelibly influenced the literary and cultural critic. In the second essay, Pierce offers a phenomenological reading of Eliot’s view of language, showing that a phenomenological “suspension” of definite reference is central to his poetic style. Examining annotations from Eliot’s library, Pierce attributes this tendency to Eliot’s reading of Edmund Husserl.

On internal definite reference in Slavic languages

The considered examples of use of the ?such and such? type of expression in Serbian and other Slavic languages and their analysis show that they represent a special type of reference and hold a special place in the system of pronominal words and expressions. Regardless of the fact that they can take a variety of functions, which are discussed in the article, their main function is to refer to what is determined for participants in a primary communicative situation, denoted by an utterance within an utterance, but which is undetermined for participants in a secondary communicative situation (with the exception of cases of same participants being involved in both primary and secondary situations). The forms of expressing internal definite reference are not entirely the same in all Slavic languages, although reduplication of pronominal demonstrative prevails with a high degree of match in their functions. The highest match is found when performing their main function of internal definite reference, while the lowest match is found when performing the function of euphemistic replacement of invective.

Bare classifiers and definiteness

In some (numeral) classifier languages, a classifier may occur “bare” (i.e. with a noun but without a numeral) and the nominal expression receives a definite interpretation. On the basis of evidence from Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese, Cheng and Sybesma (1999) hypothesize that classifier languages exhibit either the bare classifier or the bare noun pattern for definite reference, but not both. To evaluate this hypothesis against more typologically diverse languages, a parallel elicitation study of three non-Sinitic languages was conducted — Vietnamese, Hmong and Bangla — as well as two geographical varieties of Cantonese, focusing on the definite interpretation of bare classifier and bare noun patterns. The results show that although the use of bare classifier patterns for definite reference is a cross-linguistically connected phenomenon, there is more variation than previously described in the alternation between definite bare classifier and bare noun patterns, and that the preference for one pattern over another may receive functional/ pragmatic explanations.

A cross-linguistic investigation of the acquisition of the pragmatics of indefinite and definite reference in two-year-olds

ABSTRACTThe acquisition of reference involves both morphosyntax and pragmatics. This study investigates whether Dutch, English and French two- to three-year-old children differentiate in their use of determiners between non-specific/specific reference, newness/givenness in discourse and mutual/no mutual knowledge between interlocutors. A brief analysis of the input shows a clear association between form and function, although there are some language differences in this respect. As soon as determiner use can be statistically analyzed, the children show a relatively adult-like pattern of association for the distinctions of non-specific/specific and newness/givenness. The distinction between mutual/no mutual knowledge appears later. Reference involving no mutual knowledge is scarcely evidenced in the input and barely used by the children at this age. The development of associations is clearly related to the rate of determiner development, the French being quickest, then the English, then the Dutch.

From Slovene into English: Identifying Definiteness

The paper addresses some typical instances of the translator’s failure to recognize definite reference in Slovene, which, in turn, results in an inappropriate determiner selection in English. It is argued that errors of this kind are ascribable not solely to the fact that the Slovene determiner system lacks an overt non-selective determiner parallel to the definite article, but to the relatively scarce use of overt determiners in general. Since definiteness is typically signalled by an anaphoric relation, some factors are explored that may help identify textual co-reference despite the absence of explicit anaphoric markers. Besides the translator’s inability to recognize the given phrase as anaphoric, two other major causes of inappropriate determiner selection are discussed: the misconception that the absence of an anaphoric relation entails indefiniteness and the translator’s misinterpreting an anaphoric expression as an ascriptive, non-referential entity. The second part of the paper focuses on the difference in use between the selective demonstrative pronoun and the non-selective definite article.