‘A pilgrimage of camels’: Dairy capitalism, nomadic pastoralism, and subnational Hindutva statism in Rajasthan

Hindu nationalists and NGOs proffer camel dairying as an employment strategy for Rajasthan's nomadic pastoralists, akin to the commodification of bovine milk for poverty alleviation in India. Commercial dairying however is inconsistent with pastoralist ethics though it is consistent with the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party's broader agenda to consolidate Hindutva at the national and subnational levels in India, and with developmentalism that regards animals as capital. In an original contribution bringing together pastoralist studies and critical animal geographies, this paper introduces species to the ‘conjugated oppressions’ in agrarian economies, currently composing caste, tribes, and class, through the suturing of (dairy) capitalism and right-wing ultranationalism. Focussing the camels and the Raika herders in the subregions of Jaisalmer, and Sirohi, home to India's only camel sanctuary, the paper delineates how the camel is entrapped in the coalescing and conflicts of dairy-based development and Hindutva nationalism. Interconnected oppressions upon the camels and herders are conceptualised and enacted through the control and appropriation of rangelands, understood as yatra or pilgrimage by the pastoralists. However, the camel is also enmeshed in the older violent histories of domestication, raising difficult questions about how nomadic and camel sovereignties may be imagined, together. Arguing that dairy capitalism will discipline the nomads and camels while strengthening Hindutva in Rajasthan, the paper draws on pastoralist worldviews as a starting point to re-imagine human–animal relations, based on an ethic of de-commodification.

Smartphone Operated Multipurpose Agriculture Robot

Many countries in Asia including are agrarian economies and most of their rural populations depend on agriculture to earn their livelihood. Aimed at increasing the productivity and reducing the labour involved, this robot is designed to execute the basic functions required to be carried out in farms. We aim to create a multitasking agriculture robot which will focus on basic work of plantation. To sow the seeds a robotic arm will dig to a precise depth with equal distance between the seeds. At bottom of robot water pump will be placed and as per the requirement water will be sprinkled. This project aims to design an agriculture robot, which helps the people to survive where it performs operations such as digging of soil, sowing of seeds, spraying water and cutting the plants. In previous projects the technique used were complicated as well as expensive.

Extended Quality Processes in Internationalized Agro-Industrial. Rural Collaborative Economy

Exploring agricultural production and derived products is one of the challenges that countries like Ecuador have today. The crises in the agrarian economies could find formulas to be reversed if capital is built and distributed so that accumulation is visible in each of the processes that make up the value chains. One formula proposed is the productive strategic partnership in the collaborative line: the little ones must always go together. A perspective of this collaborative model with comprehensive quality processes is proposed in the global market. To this end, two productive attempts in the province of Chimborazo (Ecuador) are studied. The first one from Alausí canton, and the second production and export criterion already developed, is located in Colta Canton of the same province and is called COPROBICH. Based on these elements, the chapter proposes to incorporate theoretical and technical aspects that will make it possible to achieve greater efficiency in the process of internationalization of these business drives

Un(der)employment in Bronze Age Egypt: Anachronism or Insight?

Based on the productivity of ancient Egyptian agriculture, a discussion of economic theory, per capita GDP, economic growth, and agrarian economies through history, this paper tries to isolate the relative roles of land, labor, and grain in the economy of Ancient Egypt. There is little room for full employment in an agrarian economy; in Bronze Age Egypt the labor of a small fraction of the population would have sufficed to nourish all. Aside from services, an agrarian economy cannot expand employment much. Increasing productivity is counter-productive and none of the wealthy agrarian economies grew organically into an industrial economy. Govert van Driel pointed out that in agrarian ancient Mesopotamia there was no place for the market or silver, although both were present (as is claimed for Egypt). Overcapacity, trade, underemployment, and finance allow an understanding of the ancient economies, economics and economic growth; the impact of using modern economic thought based on production (and not economic behavior and activity) results in a flawed theory that must be revised.

Compulsory Acquisition as a Constitutional Matter: The Case in Africa

Compulsory acquisition of land by the state for public purposes is an entrenched feature of national constitutions. Yet the scope of private property is rarely defined. This is problematic in agrarian economies where millions own land under non-statutory arrangements that were historically excluded from recognition as property. This study examines the case in Africa where more than 650 million people are untitled customary landowners. Despite vibrant constitutional change, protection of these rights remains disappointing, while the grounds for taking land have expanded. However, this article concludes that reining in the scope of public purpose is not the most useful way forward. It would be more productive to persist in bringing constitutional force to bear on the standing of customary rights, along with democratizing procedures towards full community participation in deciding how public purpose acquisitions should proceed. The result would be greater tenure security, good governance and more peaceful relations between the state and people regarding land.