Elongational viscosity and brittle fracture of bidisperse blends of a high and several low molar mass polystyrenes

Elongational viscosity data of four well-characterized blends consisting of 10% mass fraction of monodisperse polystyrene PS-820k (molar mass of 820 kg/mol) and 90% matrix polystyrenes with a molar mass of 8.8, 23, 34, and 73 kg/mol, respectively, as reported by Shahid et al. Macromolecules 52: 2521–2530, 2019 are analyzed by the extended interchain pressure (EIP) model including the effects of finite chain extensibility and filament rupture. Except for the linear-viscoelastic contribution of the matrix, the elongational viscosity of the blends is mainly determined by the high molar mass component PS-820k at elongation rates when no stretching of the lower molar mass matrix chains is expected. The stretching of the long chains is shown to be widely independent of the molar mass of the matrix reaching from non-entangled oligomeric styrene (8.8 kg/mol) to well-entangled polystyrene (73kg/mol). Quantitative agreement between data and model can be obtained when taking the interaction of the long chains of PS-820k with the shorter matrix chains of PS-23k, PS-34k, and PS-73k into account. The interaction of long and short chains leads to additional entanglements along the long chains of PS-820k, which slow down relaxation of the long chains, as clearly seen in the linear-viscoelastic behavior. According to the EIP model, an increased number of entanglements also lead to enhanced interchain pressure, which limits maximal stretch. The reduced maximal stretch of the long chains due to entanglements of long chains with shorter matrix chains is quantified by introducing an effective polymer fraction of the long chains, which increases with the increasing length of the matrix chains resulting in the excellent agreement of experimental data and model predictions.

Morphological and phylogenetic evidence for two new species of Russula subg. Heterophyllidia from Guangdong Province of China

Two new species of Russula subg. Heterophyllidia from Guangdong Province of China were described and illustrated based on morphological characters, and their identity supported by molecular phylogeny. R. luofuensis is morphologically characterized by a grayish yellow to brownish orange pileus center with a purplish gray to grayish magenta margin, a surface that is cracked and broken into small golden-brown patches, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with warts fused in short or long chains and a suprapellis composed of hyphal extremities with inflated, ellipsoid or globose cells and attenuated terminal cell. R. subbubalina is distinguished by the blanched almond to dark salmon pileus that is cracked with age, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with wart fused in short or long chains and frequently connected by line connections, a suprapellis with hyphal ends composed of inflated or ellipsoid cells and attenuated terminal cell, and pileocystidia that are mainly clavate and sometimes with round or ellipsoid appendage. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS-nrLSU-mtSSU-TEF1 dataset were performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. In terms of morphological features and molecular data, the former species belongs to subsect. Virescentinae, whereas the latter comes under subsect. Heterophyllinae.

Novel Insight in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH) Biomarker Discovery in CSF

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a potentially reversible neurological disease, causing motor and cognitive dysfunction and dementia. iNPH and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) share similar molecular characteristics, including amyloid deposition, t-tau and p-tau dysregulation; however, the disease is under-diagnosed and under-treated. The aim was to identify a panel of sphingolipids and proteins in CSF to diagnose iNPH at onset compared to aged subjects with cognitive integrity (C) and AD patients by adopting multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) for sphingolipid quantitative assessment and advanced high-resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for proteomic analysis. The results indicated that iNPH are characterized by an increase in very long chains Cer C22:0, Cer C24:0 and Cer C24:1 and of acute-phase proteins, immunoglobulins and complement component fragments. Proteins involved in synaptic signaling, axogenesis, including BACE1, APP, SEZ6L and SEZ6L2; secretory proteins (CHGA, SCG3 and VGF); glycosylation proteins (POMGNT1 and DAG1); and proteins involved in lipid metabolism (APOH and LCAT) were statistically lower in iNPH. In conclusion, at the disease onset, several factors contribute to maintaining cell homeostasis, and the protective role of very long chains sphingolipids counteract overexpression of amyloidogenic and neurotoxic proteins. Monitoring specific very long chain Cers will improve the early diagnosis and can promote patient follow-up.

Molecular dynamics and crystallization in polymers based on ethylene glycol methacrylates (EGMAs) with melt memory characteristics: from linear oligomers to comb-like polymers

Synthesis, crystallization, and molecular dynamics investigation on oligo-ethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA) of short and long chains, in the linear and nanostructured comb-like forms.

Direct observation of long chain enrichment in flow-induced nuclei from molecular dynamics simulations of bimodal blends

Modelling of flow-induced nucleation in polymers suggest that long chains are enriched in nuclei, relative to their melt concentration.