Licensing imperative subjects without an imperative operator

It is often assumed that imperatives contain a covert imperative licenser, such as an imperative operator. The purpose of the operator is to bind the imperative subject, and thereby derive a number of the syntactic properties of imperatives. In this paper, I show, based on variation in V2 imperatives in varieties of Dutch and German, that if there is an alternative way of licensing the imperative subject, presence of an imperative operator is not necessary. I put forth the novel observation that V2 imperatives are only allowed in varieties that have verbal umlaut. I argue that verbal umlaut corresponds to a syntactic encoding of person features on the imperative verb, which can bind the imperative subject. This voids the need for an imperative operator in SpecCP, and gives way to V2 imperatives in V2 languages like Dutch and German. The implication is that a covert imperative licenser is a last resort mechanism, rather than an inherent part of imperatives clauses.

The state and municipal financial control system and innovations in the Russian Federation

The subject under research of this article is the control and revision (audit) activities institutions in the budgetary sphere in modern conditions. The purpose of the research is to present the system and innovations structuring in the imperative subject-object sphere of control and revision (audit) sphere, as the main aspect of state and municipal organizations management. Research methods: general scientific methods, systemic and institutional analysis. This article summarizes the control and revision (audit) activities theoretical foundations; systematizes the modern institutional internal and external state structure and municipal financial control of the Russian Federation as well as innovations of internal state and municipal financial control, relatively to the legislative support.

The syntax of the addressee in imperatives: What Levantine Arabic attitude datives bring to the table

The imperative subject constitutes a special category compared to the subjects of other types of clauses in that it is required to be the addressee. Zanuttini (2008) argues that this requirement follows from a special syntactic status: imperative subjects enter the computation with gender and number but no person features. They acquire a second-person specification later by entering an agreement relation with the head of a jussive phrase, a functional projection that is unique for imperative clauses and that occupies the left periphery. This paper provides independent evidence from attitude dative constructions in Levantine Arabic in support of this approach. Attitude datives are optional pronominal elements that make pragmatic contributions to utterances without altering their meaning. The paper shows that attitude datives whose referent coincides with the referent of the subject are less restricted in terms of the interpretation they may receive in imperative versus other types of clauses. Imperative clauses are more permissive, a characteristic that follows from the special status of their subject.

A Measure of E-Service Quality for Banks

Evidence exists that delivering superior e-service quality is a vital strategy to success. With the growth in businesses offering internet-based transactions, measuring e-service quality becomes an imperative subject to understand what customers expect and perceive in online banking transactions. It recognizes customers' priority and enhances the long-term relationship with them. This study proposes a conceptual model for measuring internet banking service quality and concentrates on evaluating customers' perceptions and their attitude. For empirical estimation, the data was collected from customers who regularly use online banking facilities. Respondents were asked to fill the standardized questionnaire based on their experience with the online services provided by their banks. The results of this study may help the banks to understand the customers' attitude, which may assist to maintain and improve the service delivery.

Requirements-level language and tools for capturing software system essence

Creation of an unambiguous requirements specification with precise domain vocabulary is crucial for capturing the essence of any software system, either when developing a new system or when recovering knowledge from a legacy one. Software specifications usually maintain noun notions and include them in central vocabularies. Verb or adjective phrases are easily forgotten and their definitions buried inside imprecise paragraphs of text. This paper proposes a model-based language for comprehensive treatment of domain knowledge, expressed through constrained natural language phrases that are grouped by nouns and include verbs, adjectives and prepositions. In this language, vocabularies can be formulated to describe behavioural characteristics of a given problem domain. What is important, these characteristics can be linked from within other specifications similarly to a wiki. The application logic can be formulated through sequences of imperative subject-predicate sentences containing only links to the phrases in the vocabulary. The paper presents an advanced tooling framework to capture application logic specifications making them available for automated transformations down to code. The tools were validated through a controlled experiment.

Syntax and Semantics of Imperative Subjects

In this paper I examine the distributional and typological constraints on subjects of imperatives in English, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish and aim to account for all the facts call for explanation (interpretation of imperative subject, word order variation, etc.) with as few departures as possible from declarative clauses. In fact, all the observed differences are shown to reduce to features of one functional X°. After charting the typology of licit imperative DPs for each language, I present an analysis which accounts for with reference to two points of difference: ±identity and ±case neutralisation.