scholarly journals Licensing imperative subjects without an imperative operator

Author(s):  
Astrid van Alem

AbstractIt is often assumed that imperatives contain a covert imperative licenser, such as an imperative operator. The purpose of the operator is to bind the imperative subject, and thereby derive a number of the syntactic properties of imperatives. In this paper, I show, based on variation in V2 imperatives in varieties of Dutch and German, that if there is an alternative way of licensing the imperative subject, presence of an imperative operator is not necessary. I put forth the novel observation that V2 imperatives are only allowed in varieties that have verbal umlaut. I argue that verbal umlaut corresponds to a syntactic encoding of person features on the imperative verb, which can bind the imperative subject. This voids the need for an imperative operator in SpecCP, and gives way to V2 imperatives in V2 languages like Dutch and German. The implication is that a covert imperative licenser is a last resort mechanism, rather than an inherent part of imperatives clauses.

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Indriyani Ma’rifah

Conflict and violence based on ethnic, religion, race and inter-groups (SARA) still become an inherent part of the historical life for Indonesian people. It is quitely clear that the Islamic education has not been effective enough to instill values of peace. Therefore, the reconstruction and renewal of the Islamic education should be done. It is necessary for us to begin with the reconstruction of the learning materials, and by using the novel as a medium. One of the novels that is loaded with the values of peace is “Dan Damai di Bumi!“ written by Karl MayKonflik dan kekerasan berbasis suku, agama, ras dan antar golongan (SARA)masih menjadi bagian yang inheren dalam sejarah kehidupan bangsa Indonesia.Tampak jelas bahwa pendidikan Islam belum cukup efektif menanamkan nilai-nilai perdamaian. Karenanya, rekonstruksi dan pembaharuan pendidikan Islam sudah saatnya dilakukan. Hal ini perlu dimulai dengan pembenahan materi pembelajaran,dan menggunakan novel sebagai medianya. Salah satu novel yang sarat dengan nilai-nilai perdamaian adalah “Dan Damai di Bumi!” karya Karl May.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Mohammed Rasul Murad Akoi

This paper, Understanding Violence in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, deals with violence in its various forms in Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities. The novel recounts the French Revolution of 1789. In the novel, Dickens portrays a terrifying scene of blood and brutality. Violence appears in different forms. Critics have paid attention to Charles Dickens’ own fear of a similar revolution in England. The paper attempts to find the substance of that fear. The paper will discuss the three forms of violence in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities; namely, violence as an inherent part of the French Revolution; violence committed by the crowds or mobs, and the evil that rises and grows as the Revolution continues. It will be argued that Dickens’ depiction of the crowd and mob behavior in A Tale of Two Cities captures the potential which is in the mentality of any crowd to grow violent. That is, a seemingly innocent start could lead to evil. A socio-psychological approach will also be consulted to analyze violence in the novel; violence as part of the revolution; violence committed by the mobs, and finally how the revolutionary masses turn evil.


2021 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Naugolnykh

The article deals with language experiments of James Joyce in his novel «Finnegans Wake». The reduplication in the novel is found to be multifaceted and multifunctional. Not only does it strengthen an emotional component, but also creates tone-painting, thus being an inherent part of the author’s word play. A detailed classification of the randomly selected occasional lexical units formed by reduplication is suggested. Among the partial reduplication, divergent modifications are found to dominate. The research concerned the possibilities of translating the revealed occasional words into Russian (A. Rene, A. Volokhonskii versions), German (D. Stündel version) and Spanish (M. Zabaloi). Various translation strategies are considered. The research has found that interlingual transference of the writer’s reduplication is possible, but highly subjective and therefore radical transformation of the source text is often required, leading to creation of the modified version of «Finnegans Wake» rather than its translation in the true sense.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-151
Author(s):  
Lena Englund

This article analyses images of the refugee in the novel Travellers (2019) by Helon Habila and examines their connection to dignity and personal history. Travellers captures the complex and intricate situations of refugees and migrants in Europe, providing insights about urgent social issues such as inequality, racism and discrimination. The novel also raises questions relating to human rights discourses and how they connect with personal history. While Travellers does not explicitly deal with the refugee crisis in 2015, during which about 1 million people sought asylum in Europe, it does address the situation of thousands of people trying to enter Europe for a variety of reasons and in different contexts. The theoretical framework is partly built around the concept of postmigration which attempts to go beyond seeing the migrant as the perpetual other and to advocate views of migration as an inherent part of society. The analysis focuses on instances of uncertainty and lack of unity, on migration as a separating, dividing experience, but also examines to what extent Travellers manifests and reinvents the postmigrant condition with its focus towards the future and seeing society itself as postmigrant, particularly through its depictions of dignity.


Author(s):  
L.V. Kushnina ◽  
D.S. Lesnevska

The authors of the article have studied the onomastic translation discourse considering, on the one hand, the common methodological concept - translation space, and, on the other hand, traditions of analysis existing in the Russian and Bulgarian schools of thought. Such approach creates new scientific view on the problem and leads to the new results. The work of modern French writer O. Bourdeaut “En attendant Bojangles” and its translation to the Russian and Bulgarian languages and entitled as “В ожидании Божанглза” and “В очакване на Боджангълс” correspondingly became the basic concept of the empirical analysis. The novel of O. Bourdeaut is distinguished by the richness of onomastic material which finds its reflection in translation discourse and is traced in the article by the material of three languages: French, Bulgarian and Russian. Taking into consideration the basic provisions of the theory of nomination by A.V. Superanskaya, V.V. Katermina, the theory of text/discourse by V.E. Chernyavskaya, the synergetic concepts of the language by N.L. Myshkina, G.G. Moskalchuk, N.V. Drozhaschikh and others, the interpretative theory of translation by D. Seleskovich and M. Lederer, the authors develop the ideas of the synergy of translation with reference to onomastic space of translation discourse which defines the aim of the present research. Versatile linguistic-and-translation analysis of French-Russian and French-Bulgarian anthroponyms has been carried out and harmonic/disharmonic conformity between them has been revealed. This conformity is opening the translation discourse possibility to become the inherent part of receiving culture. Obtaining harmonicity in the process of translating components of text/discourse onomastic space from one linguistic culture to another is conditioned by the augment of culturally meaningful senses in translation space, i.e. by their synergy. As appears from the research hypothesis which has found its confirmation in the process of analysis, harmonic translation, i.e. translation where senses are adequate to the senses of the original text, in different languages have different personification: the augment of culturally meaningful senses is varied depending on the abstract or routine national-cultural values of ethnos. The authors of this work have made a conclusion that every harmonic translation is as unique as the original text. In those cases when the components of onomastic space of translation discourse have translation mistakes and discrepancies the fragments including them are recognized to be disharmonic and unacceptable for receiving linguistic culture.


2020 ◽  
pp. 147-161
Author(s):  
K. Ya. Seagal

The problem of distancing the components of attributive phrases as a syntactic and stylistic phenomenon in artistic speech is considered. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the issue of preserving the syntactic form of the phrase while distancing its components has not yet been resolved and the mechanism for creating a stylistic technique based on the distance of the components of attributive phrases has not been clarified. The novelty of the study lies in the approach that takes into account the interaction of syntax and stylistics in the functioning of the same speech means - attributive phrases in conditions of distance. On the material of the corpus of speech examples selected from the novel by M. A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, it is shown that when distancing the attributive phrase, ceasing to be integral, does not lose its syntactic form. The syntactic properties that occur in attribute phrases in a distancing form of their existence are generalized. When describing the stylistic method of distancing, it is stated that it is intended not only to concentrate on the attribute information about the subject, but also to testify to the signifying “reload” that the attribute phrase undergoes when moving forward its dependent component in the sentence-utterance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Youssef A. Haddad

The imperative subject constitutes a special category compared to the subjects of other types of clauses in that it is required to be the addressee. Zanuttini (2008) argues that this requirement follows from a special syntactic status: imperative subjects enter the computation with gender and number but no person features. They acquire a second-person specification later by entering an agreement relation with the head of a jussive phrase, a functional projection that is unique for imperative clauses and that occupies the left periphery. This paper provides independent evidence from attitude dative constructions in Levantine Arabic in support of this approach. Attitude datives are optional pronominal elements that make pragmatic contributions to utterances without altering their meaning. The paper shows that attitude datives whose referent coincides with the referent of the subject are less restricted in terms of the interpretation they may receive in imperative versus other types of clauses. Imperative clauses are more permissive, a characteristic that follows from the special status of their subject.


2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. S33-S33
Author(s):  
Wenchao Ou ◽  
Haifeng Chen ◽  
Yun Zhong ◽  
Benrong Liu ◽  
Keji Chen

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4450-4463
Author(s):  
Rikke Vang Christensen

Purpose The aim of the study was to explore the potential of performance on a Danish sentence repetition (SR) task—including specific morphological and syntactic properties—to identify difficulties in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) relative to typically developing (TD) children. Furthermore, the potential of the task as a clinical marker for Danish DLD was explored. Method SR performance of children with DLD aged 5;10–14;1 (years;months; n = 27) and TD children aged 5;3–13;4 ( n = 87) was investigated. Results Compared to TD same-age peers, children with DLD were less likely to repeat the sentences accurately but more likely to make ungrammatical errors with respect to verb inflection and use of determiners and personal pronouns. Younger children with DLD also produced more word order errors that their TD peers. Furthermore, older children with DLD performed less accurately than younger TD peers, indicating that the SR task taps into morphosyntactic areas of particular difficulty for Danish children with DLD. The classification accuracy associated with SR performance showed high levels of sensitivity and specificity (> 90%) and likelihood ratios indicating good identification potential for clinical and future research purposes. Conclusion SR performance has a strong potential for identifying children with DLD, also in Danish, and with a carefully designed SR task, performance has potential for revealing morphosyntactic difficulties. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10314437


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