STRUGGLE IN FORMAL EDUCATION BY DOMESTIC-WORKER STUDENTS

The various concept in education such as “Education for All (EFA)”, “Equity in Education”, “Inclusive Education” are the burning issues as well as implementation complexities in today’s education system in developing countries. Stepping on these issues, this article focuses on seeking equity in education in the Nepalese community schools. Education for all is an ongoing process in globally. Under the national and international education framework, Nepal is on the process of implementation of the School Sector Development Program (SSDP). But, equity in education is still far behind for some groups of students. Here, this study intends to focus on, one of the similar groups of students, who are living as domestic-worker and continuing their study at the school level. This study tries to throw light on the learning-struggle of a particular group of students in Nepali community schools. The study is based on the experiences of 7 domestic-worker students (DWS) and 3 teachers teaching them. The DWS faced numerous labor exploitation problems in the workplace and school premises.

Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

Visible light and infrared bands of the optical spectrum used for optical camera communication (OCC) are becoming a promising technology nowadays. Researchers are proposing new OCC-based architectures and applications in both indoor and outdoor systems using the embedded cameras on smartphones, with a view to making them user-friendly. Smartphones have useful features for developing applications using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor cameras, which can receive data from optical transmitters. However, several challenges have arisen in increasing the capacity and communication range, owing to the limitations of current cameras and implementation complexities. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the OCC technology requirements and opportunities using smartphone cameras from an implementation point of view. Furthermore, we demonstrate an OCC system using a low frame rate smartphone camera to particularly analyze the requirements and critical implementation challenges. Also, some possible solutions are provided with a view to improving the overall system capacity, communication distance, and stability.

General AltBOC Modulation with Adjustable Power Allocation Ratio for GNSS

Alternative Binary Offset Carrier (AltBOC) modulation signal has the constraint of an equal power allocation scheme. Thus, it is not flexible enough to meet different requirements. To solve this problem, we propose a General AltBOC (GAltBOC) modulation. The proposed technique can achieve the same function as AltBOC. Meanwhile, its power allocation ratio can be adjusted when required. The detailed derivation of the GAltBOC modulation is presented, and three representative cases as well as the signal properties are discussed. To further improve the combination efficiency, we develop the Interlacing GAltBOC (IGAltBOC) modulation based on the GAltBOC modulation. The Power Spectrum Density (PSD) and correlation functions of the proposed signals are verified by simulation. The code tracking error and implementation complexities are analysed and compared with existing methods. Results show the proposed signals indeed enhance the flexibility of power allocation ratio with the same level code tracking accuracy. Compared with AltBOC modulation, the proposed signal can reach a higher combination efficiency at the expense of relatively higher implementation complexity. Compared with Asymmetric Constant Envelope Double-sideband (ACED) modulation, the proposed signals have significantly lower complexity of signal generation, which is helpful in simplifying the signal generation in the payload transmitter.

IMPLEMENTING HIRSCHBERG'S PRAM-ALGORITHM FOR CONNECTED COMPONENTS ON A GLOBAL CELLULAR AUTOMATON

The GCA (Global Cellular Automata) model consists of a collection of cells which change their states synchronously depending on the states of their neighbors like in the classical CA model. In differentiation to the CA model the neighbors are not fixed and local, they are variable and global. The GCA model is applicable to a wide range of parallel algorithms, and it can be implemented on reconfigurable hardware. We discuss the GCA implementation of PRAM algorithms on reconfigurable hardware (Field Programmable Gate Array, FPGA), exemplified by the algorithm of Hirschberg et al., which determines the connected components of a given undirected graph. We provide two implementations with different numbers of cells: one with maximum parallelism and a compact one. We compare the implementation complexities, i.e. number of FPGA cells of both implementations, and thus present experimental evidence of our claims. The GCA(N) algorithm uses 3n cells with time complexity O(n log n), whereas the GCA(N2) algorithm uses n(n + 1) cells with time complexity O( log 2 n). The GCA(N) algorithm is more economic with respect to resources (logic × execution time) whereas the GCA(N2) algorithm can produce the result faster with a speedup of O((n+m)/ log n). Further insights are that efficient mappings of PRAM algorithms onto GCA exist, and that PRAM and GCA optimality criteria differ because the latter takes memory consumption into account. This makes the GCA a parallel computational model and an implementation platform, thus narrowing the gap between theory and practice.