UNUTRAŠNJI RADNI MODELI AFEKTIVNE VEZANOSTI KAO PREDIKTORI MRAČNE TRIJADE

The basic goal of this research was to examine whether internal working models of self and significant others are significant predictors of dark triad personality traits. The concept of an internal working model is the key link in attachment theory which connects past experiences with current patterns of behavior, maintained by dysfunctional cognitive schemas developed by generalizing aversive experiences. The dark triad consists of narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellism. The instruments used were the Family Attachment Questionnaire by Brenan et al. (1998), and Short Dark Triad (SDT3) by Jones & Paulhus (2014). The sample of the research consisted of N = 123 participants, age 20 to 63, with an average age of M = 30.41, SD = 9.06. Males formed 43% of sample. Regression analyses show that model which consists of anxiety and avoidance dimensions is significant predictor of Machiavellism, F (2,120) = 6.26, p = .003, R2 = .09, and they predict 9% of variance, as well as psychopathy, F(2,120) = 8.98, p <.000, R2 = .13, where they predict 13% of variance, but not narcissism, F(2,120) = 0.24, p = .79, R2= .01, in which model predicted only 1% of variance. Avoidance is statistically significant and positive predictor of psychopathy (β = .29, p = .003), and anxiety is statistically significant and positive predictor of Machiavellism (β = .26, p = .004), as well as psyhopathy (β = .22, p = .025). The results of study suggest that these traits are founded on an image of self as an inadequate person and the world as a hostile place, in which other persons will try to harm us if we dare to be open towards them. Manipulation and emotional insensitivity of psychopaths and Machiavelists should be interpreted as a way to reach compromise with these key beliefs and attitudes. On the other hand, narcissism did not correlate with working modes, possibly because of low levels of insight in these persons who are strongly invested in maintaining grandiose self. Key words: affective attachment, internal working models, dark triad

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND THE PARENTING: A REVIEW AND PRELIMINARY META-ANALYSIS

According to the internal working model, attachment is rooted in one's previous interactive experience, which can affect further interpersonal relationships through reaction to others, including the parent-child relationships. However, no meta-analysis examining the link between parental attachments and parenting styles was done before. This meta-analysis study aimed to examine the associations between parents' patterns of attachment and parenting styles. Sixteen published articles and 2342 participants were included in the analysis. It was found that parental secure attachment correlated with positive parenting, but no significant negative correlation emerged between secure attachment and negative parenting. Regarding maternal insecure attachment, the results showed it correlated with positive parenting negatively and significantly. Also, there was a significant association between the insecure attachment and negative parenting. This research suggests that parental attachment pattern is linked to parenting styles.

The Research of Relationship among Smile Developing Software, Internet Addiction, and Attachment Style

By developing a software tool that helps students cultivate the habit of smiling, this study aims to enhance students’ interpersonal relationships and ability to interact with others and therefore effectively decrease their Internet addiction. The study participants were students from a vocational high school in Tainan, Taiwan. To begin with, it examined the choices of attachment styles and levels of Internet addiction among high school students enrolled in a practical skills program. The students used the software tool for fourteen consecutive days and completed their smile task, which was followed by a post-test questionnaire. The result shows that for interpersonal interactions, changes in the mean values for three types of attachment styles decrease (namely anxious–preoccupied, dismissive–avoidant, and fearful–avoidant styles). In particular, the dismissive–avoidant style was reported with the most prominent change of −1.267, and it was the only variable with a higher average value. This study also applied Bartholomew and Horowitz’s two-dimensional internal working model and found that the participants had demonstrated positive developments in their own self-internal modes and, in particular, others’ internal modes.

Pengaruh Adult Attachment terhadap Strategi Regulasi Emosi pada Mahasiswa Perantau di Universitas X

Mahasiswa perantau akan menghadapi banyak tantangan yang ada di tempat perantauannya. Emosi negatif bisa muncul ketika menghadapi tantangan yang ada, emosi negatif jika tidak ditangani dengan benar, maka bisa menganggu kehidupan bagi mahasiswa perantau. Salah satu hal yang dibutuhkan adalah regulasi emosi, cognitive reappraisal maupun expressive suppression. Banyak studi yang menemukan bahwa attachment menjadi salah satu faktor dari regulasi emosi. Internal working model yang terbentuk dari interaksi dengan figur attachment mempengaruhi individu dalam meregulasi emosinya. Pada penelitian ini memakai adult attachment yang dilihat dari dimensi anxiety dan avoidance. Semakin tinggi dimensi anxiety ataupun avoidance akan memberikan pengaruh kepada regulasi emosi individu. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini akan meneliti pengaruh dari adult attachment terhadap strategi regulasi emosi pada mahasiswa perantau di Universitas X.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif non-experimental dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah ECR-R-GSF untuk adult attachment dan ERQ untuk strategi regulasi emosi. Analisis regresi berganda menggunakan bantuan SPSS 23.0 dengan 167 partisipan. Hasil yang didapatkan ada pengaruh dari adult attachment terhadap expressive suppression dengan dimensi avoidance yang memberikan pengaruh secara signifikan (p=.000, p<.05) sebesar 13.5% dan dimensi anxiety tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan (p=.054, p>.05). Hasil lainnya tidak ditemukan pengaruh dari adult attachment terhadap cognitive reappraisal.

How Doctors Care for Others: Caring, Being with and Making the Difference

Although more frequent and intense on infancy, the attachment system can be triggered across the lifespan, from "the cradle to the grave." In adulthood, whenever the individual's internal working model does not have enough resources to sustain his/her insecurity, one seeks support from an attachment figure. Illness may trigger the attachment system, obliging the individual to pursue the proximity of an attachment figure. In our research on how the doctor's attachment style affects the doctor-patient relationship (Barstad-Castro Neves, 2018), we assessed the doctor's attachment style and correlated with a semi-structured interview script. One of the categories highlighted in our research was how physicians cared for their patients. The present article aims to explore, expand, and clarify the category mentioned. It is essential to discuss how the car ing and concerning doctor acts towards his/her patient, and how the caregiving system, from the lens of attachment theory, has a function in that matter. Our research may contribute to the discussion of strategies to improve the doctor-patient relationship, therefore refining patient adherence and compliance to treatment. Besides, it can also shed light on how to give support to medical professionals, starting from medical school.

Changing the Adult State of Mind With Respect to Attachment: An Exploratory Study of the Role of EMDR Psychotherapy

We aimed to assess changes in the attachment internal working model and reflective function (RF) as mechanisms of change in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for patients with traumatic memories. Twenty adult female patients with parenting and relational problems participated in the study. Attachment organization was assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the RF coding scale pre- and posttreatment. We found that EMDR therapy increased patients' narrative coherence and RF. We noted a significant decrease in the number of participants classified as unresolved following the course of EMDR treatment in which loss and/or trauma were resolved. This article summarizes the changes after EMDR therapy regarding attachment status and its efficacy to reprocess early traumatic memories in a more adaptive way. Finally, our results also support the usefulness of the AAI as a tool for understanding the changing processes during a therapeutic treatment.

Education and Attachment: Guidelines to Prevent School Failure

Portuguese schools have high student failure and early school leaving rates (Pordata, 2017) giving rise to a number of initiatives aimed at their reduction. The “Alternative Curricular Course” (ACC) promotes the learning of basic skills, specifically in Portuguese language and Mathematics, to support logical reasoning and artistic, vocational, and professional development. Its main goal is the fulfilment of compulsory schooling and the reduction of academic failure. Research based on attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969) suggests that different internal working models of attachment are associated with different characteristics of social, academic, emotional, and behavioural competencies that may interfere in the quality of relationships that young people establish in school, especially with teachers, and also influence their academic performance. This study evaluates the relationship between internal working models of students, their perceptions of the quality of their relationships with teachers, and their academic performance using three measures: (i) the “Inventory of Attachment in Childhood and Adolescence” (IACA) measure, (ii) the “Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment” (IPPA) measure—concerning the attachment to teacher”, and (iii) a socio-demographic questionnaire on a sample of 305 students from the 8th grade of regular education (RE) and the ACC. The results reveal that students on the ACC exhibit a less secure internal working model than students in RE, and that the perception of the quality of the student-teacher relationship, regarding the dimension of acceptance and understanding by the teachers, is associated with a better academic performance. These results align with those of other recent studies in support of the conclusion that the process of attachment has a significant influence on educational contexts, consistent with attachment and related theories.