The local implications of a macrostrategy on the villagers and the environment

Nature subcontracted mankind for temporary management stipulating a rigor that does not disregard the smallest details because this is where the difference between perfection and riskiness lies, which inevitably leads to disasters. It establishes binding general rules and local imperatives to be fulfilled otherwise it takes back the reins. For this reason, anthropic macrostrategies must frame their priorities and objectives according to a sustainable social-ecosystem. Here, we evaluate the environmental effect of the triggered landuse change of the metropolis-portuary-industrial park of Tangier (Strait of Gibraltar) on ecosystem services (i.e. vegetation and water) and anticipate their interactions with indigenous villagers. We established a multifactorial analysis including long-term (1985-2021) land-use dynamic assessment, 16-years pixel-based Mann-Kendall phenological trend, EPM soil erosion modelling and assessment of the total volumes of the detached soil, and an NDVI/NDWI monthly drought monitoring. Later, we compared these outcomes with a social survey with 171 households to analyze their living conditions, and their environmental perception and attitude. We have observed that anthropogenic intervention is the precursor of erosion which is likely to worsen natural weaknesses, which are already at the origin of a massive potential loss of soil estimated at 1.2 kg/m²/year. We correlated the negative phenological trend with the lane of the roads and infrastructure and we observed that severe drought episodes are long, frequent and at short intra and interannual intervals. We found a statistically significant association between the low level of education and the rural seclusion with the environmental degradation and the unavailability of water which can evoke serious risks. We anticipate the urgent need for an inclusive reform that implements a behavioral culture, encourages education, and creates social facilitation to build an upward spiral that produces better conditions and more opportunities for the rural society. Broadly, Managers should integrate scientific instructions to master the details and continuously improve macrostrategies to achieve integral and lasting success.

Visegrádi Négyek környezetgazdálkodásának és fenntartható mezőgazdaságának elemzése

Tanulmányunkban az Európai Unió környezetpolitikáján belül a Visegrádi Négyek Nemzeti Energia-és Klíma Terveinek (NECP) 2021-2030 közötti időszakra vonatkozó vállalásait elemezzük, különös tekintettel a Land Use, LandUse Change and Forestry (LULUCF) szektorra. A vizsgálataink alapján elmondható, hogy az uniós célok eléréséhez az országok hozzájárulási hajlandósága alacsony vagy szerény ambícióval rendelkezik. A NECP keretében a Visegrádi Négyek LULUCF-fal kapcsolatos megvalósítási terveik között jelentős különbségek jelennek meg. Az erdőgazdálkodással kapcsolatosan Csehországban az elkövetkező években az új erdők telepítésén lesz a hangsúly, míg Magyarország esetében inkább a nagyobb mennyiségű fakitermelés lesz a jellemző. Emellett Szlovákia kiemelkedő mennyiségű erdő általi szénmegkötési tervezetet mutatott be. Míg Lengyelország esetében kötelező szénmegkötési mértékről rendelkeztek az erdőgazdálkodási tervben. (NECP, LULUCF, környezetpolitika, emisszió-kereskedelmi rendszer (ETS))

Vested Interests in Big Agriculture

Almost three decades of studying freshwaters in New Zealand has revealed to me that our lowland freshwater ecosystems are in dire straits and that there is no hint of improvement, or even a slowing of degradation. The leading cause of their demise is landuse change, specifically the rampant and extreme intensification of farming. The response of government, both central and local, has been an abject failure to limit this intensification and its resultant harm. Key to these regulatory failures by authorities charged with protecting freshwaters has been the influence at all levels of powerful agricultural industry lobby groups.

Identifikasi Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Karakteristik Hidrologi DAS Citarum Hulu

The Citarum watershed is one of the priority watersheds due to problems of critical land, flooding, erosion, and sedimentation which continue to increase every year. As the main catchment area that contributes to maintaining the availability of water resources, the upstream Citarum watershed continues to experience a reduction in forest and an increase in built-up land. A research aimed to analyze land use changes to the hydrological characteristics was carried out at the Watershed. The methods used include interpretation of SPOT image data, analysis of land use changes, and determining the values of KRA and KAT. The results of the analysis of land use change conditions in 2009-2018 saw a reduction in forest area (-5.5%), rice fields (-17.4%), and shrubs (-60.8%). Land use increased in built up land (39.7%), dry land agriculture (13%), plantations (6.4%), and open land (95.5%). The highest discharge occurred in 2010 at 606,3 m3/second and the lowest discharge in 2012 was 4,3 m3/second. The KRA and KAT values of the Upper Citarum watershed were moderate and very high. The multiple linear regression model of the relationship between land use changes that affect river flow fluctuations is Y = 2380.5 + 0.9 rainfall -206.5 forest + 6.1 build-up area -31.8 dryland agriculture + e. Other factors that influence the increase in river discharge are the slope of land slopes, rainfall patterns, and inadequate land use methods. Keywords: hydrological characteristics, landuse change, Upper Citarum watershed

Land Use Changes in Turkish Territories: Patterns, Directions and Socio-Economic Impacts on Territorial Management

Human activities have been changing the Earth's cover at an unparalleled scale. In this regard, and cover mapping is a decisive advantage for several kinds of research. Also, the outcomes from these investigations could be applied to plan a sustainable regional governance policy. This article studied land-use changes in the Turkish Territories in 1990, 2000, 2012, and 2018 using the Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) data. The results showed a significant and gradual land-use change from agricultural to mostly artificial surfaces. The majority of land-use changes are related to industrial and commercial units and construction sites. The most degraded agricultural land uses are non-irrigated arable land and pastures, while there is an increasing trend in permanently irrigated land. This study's outcome can be considered a surveying baseline for the comparative analysis of similar works for different land-use change trends in Europe or worldwide. Landuse change studies are reliable tools to evaluate the human activities and footprint of proposed strategies and policies in a territory. This article also enables us to understand that Turkey's decisive actors should design development policies to encourage industrial investments and agricultural ventures in Turkey and adapt the land-use/land cover strategies to mitigate agricultural land fragmentation.

Analisis Ketersediaan Air Permukaan dan Proyeksi Kebutuhan Air DAS Bodri Tahun 2040

Abstrak Sumberdaya air penting untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan semua makhluk hidup termasuk manusia. DAS Bodri menyediakan suplai air permukaan melalui sungai-sungai yang ada dalam DAS, yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk sekitar. Seiring berjalannya waktu, DAS Bodri mengalami perubahan penggunaan lahan yang menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan kebutuhan air dan terjadi ketidakseimbangan antara kebutuhan dan ketersediaan air permukaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu mengetahui keseimbangan antara kebutuhan air di masa yang akan datang dengan ketersediaan air permukaan di DAS Bodri tahun 2040. Perhitungan keseimbangan antara kebutuhan dan ketersediaan air permukaan dilakukan dengan membandingkan antara kebutuhan air total dan ketersediaan air permukaan. Parameter kebutuhan air total terdiri dari kebutuhan air domestik, fasilitas kesehatan, fasilitas pendidikan, fasilitas peribadatan, perkantoran, industri, pertokoan dan pasar, warung makan, peternakan, irigasi, dan tambak. Kebutuhan air di tahun mendatang diketahui melalui proyeksi secara eksponensial dan tetap dari data jumlah dalam perhitungan parameter. Kebutuhan air untuk aktivitas domestik dan nondomestik diestimasikan mencapai 2,44 miliar m3 pada tahun 2040. Hasil analisis neraca air menunjukkan bahwa status neraca air DAS Bodri tahun 2010-2019 mengalami defisiensi. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa potensi sumberdaya air permukaan masih belum mencukupi untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan air di DAS Bodri hingga tahun 2040. Abstract Water resources play an important role in meeting the needs of all living things, including humans. The Bodri watershed provides surface water supply through rivers on the watershed, which the local residents can use and utilize. Over time, the Bodri watershed underwent landuse change, which led to an increase in water demand, resulting in an imbalance between water demand and surface water availability. Calculation of the balance between demand and surface water availability is done by comparing the total water demand and the surface water availability. This study aims to determine the balance between future water demand and surface water availability in the Bodri watershed in 2040. The parameters used to determine total water demand consist of water needs of the following sectors; domestic, health facilities, educational facilities, religious facilities, offices, industry, shops and markets, food stalls, livestock, irrigation, and ponds. In the coming year, water demand is known through projections exponentially and permanently from the amount of data in the calculation of parameters. Water demand for domestic and non-domestic activities is estimated to reach 2.44 billion m3 in 2040. The water balance analysis results show that the status of the Bodri watershed water balance in 2010-2019 is deficient. The potential for surface water resources is still insufficient to meet the water needs in the Bodri watershed until 2040.