Strategies and Challenges in the Development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccine

The novel coronavirus infection (coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)) emerged from Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China in late 2019. Millions of people were infected with COVID-19 pandemic due to the long incubation period of the virus inside the human body and the dearth of available treatments or vaccines. High transmission rates created havoc, which highlighted the urgent need for effective interventions to stop the spread and clinical impact of the virus on patients and populations. Previous research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) provides information on vaccination strategies that could inform how governments approach the elimination of this novel coronavirus. Numerous efforts have been made to develop vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS. The spike glycoprotein or S protein is the critical target for most of the drugs and vaccines against coronavirus. The virus uses the spike (S) protein for entering the host cell, by interacting with the receptor called angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Various vaccine platforms are available such as nucleic acid vaccine, protein-based vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines and live or attenuated vaccines, with each having their advantages and disadvantages. This review focuses on the overview of different vaccine candidates used, those currently in development, and the challenges encountered while developing effective vaccines.

A review on how exactly covid-19 vaccination works

The Coronavirus pandemic has taken the world by storm, covering the entire year of 2020. In order to put an end to the pandemic many organizations around the world are racing to find a safe and effective vaccine. Today, newer technology of nucleic acid vaccine has been use to create a novel vaccine for novel coronavirus. Many countries like the United States of America, United Kingdom and even Russia and China have successfully developed approved vaccines. But there remains a doubt of uncertainty among people regarding how fast this vaccine was created when compared to others which have taken years. This review aims to highlight and summarize the ongoing process and development in making Covid vaccines.

Group B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine promote potent anti-viral effect

This report demonstrates a novel method to explore and evaluate the specific humoral/cellular immune response levels and immunoprotective effects of NMB0315 nucleic acid vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine + recombinant protein vaccine in combination with mice, and to further explore the effective immunization method for NMB0315 vaccine. This route provides experimental basis. Nucleic acid vaccines [pcDNA3 1(+) / NMB0315] and recombinant protein vaccines (pET 30a / NMB0315) were prepared in large quantities, and immunologically or separately immunized female BALB/c mice were determined by nucleic acid priming protein boosting method. The specific humoral/cell immune response level, the in vitro bactericidal titer of immune serum, and the immunoprotective effect of the vaccine on mice infected with group B meningococcus were observed. Serum-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and genital lavage fluids induced by NMB0315 nucleic acid vaccine group (pNMB0315 CpG), protein vaccine group (rNMB0315 FA) and combined immunization group (pNMB0315 CpG+rNMB0315 FA). The specific sIgA level reached the peak in the eighth week, and the A450 values were in vitro, and the in vitro bactericidal antibody titers of the nucleic acid vaccine group, the protein vaccine group and the combined immunization group were 1, 64, 1128, respectively. The immune protection rate of experimental mice were 70%, 95% and 80%, respectively. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, the ratio of IgG2a / IgG1 in the nucleic acid vaccine group, the recombinant protein vaccine group, and the combined immunization vaccine group was less than 1.