Spermatogenesis Duration on Adult Javan Langur (Trachypithecus auratus) Based on Testosteron Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

This study aimed to determine the duration of the process of spermatogenesis in adult Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus) by measuring levels of the hormone testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH), as one of the efforts to increase the success of mating this endemic animals. Two Javan langurs aged 3-5-year-old, named Luki and Moses were taken their feces for 30 days. Feces extraction process used PBS with a ratio of 1: 9, while the measurement of hormone levels used Monkey Luteinizing Hormone ELISA BT Lab brand with Cat.No E0052MK for LH and Cat No E0008MK for testosterone. Hormone consentration data was a graph with fluctuating patterns which are then analyzed descriptively. The results of this study were the concentration of the hormone testosterone is in the range of 4.81 ng / gram of feces to 15.08 ng / gram of feces. While LH level is in the range of 12.59 mIU/gram to 26.24 mIU/gram. In conclusion, we could estimated that the duration of the spermatogenesis cycle every month in langur Luki occurs for 14 days, while Langur Moses for 10 days.

REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF FEMALE JAVAN LANGUR (TRACHYPITHECUS AURATUS) BASED ON ESTROGEN AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS

Currently, the information about Javan langurs female reproductive cycle in both cycle length and hormonal patterns is still widely unknown. Meanwhile, this information can be used as a guide in determining the fertile period of Javan langurs to conduct mating with higher pregnancy rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproductive cycle of adult female Javan langurs based on estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The experimental animals was originated from Coban Talun forest in Batu, which was undergoing a rehabilitation program. Feces samples of two female Javan langurs were taken for 40 days. Examination of estrogen and LH hormone levels in the feces was carried out by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that fluctuations in the graphs of the hormones estrogen and LH appeared on days 8 to 16 and days 30 to 40 which showed the existence of two reproductive cycles. Whereas younger langur showed a pattern of hormonal fluctuations that are less regular, making identification of the reproductive cycle difficult. Based from the results, we concluded that the reproductive cycle of female Javan langur was estimated about 24 days with a hormonal pattern consisting of the follicular phase, the ovulation period and the luteal phase.

No longer based on photographs alone: refuting the validity of golden-crowned langur Presbytis johnaspinalli Nardelli 2015 (Mammalia, Primates, Cercopithecidae)

Increasingly, new species are being described without there being a name-bearing type specimen. In 2015, a new species of primate was described, the golden-crowned langur Presbytis johnaspinalli Nardelli, 2015 on the basis of five photographs that were posted on the Internet in 2009. After publication, the validity of the species was questioned as it was suggested that the animals were partially and selectively bleached ebony langurs Trachypithecus auratus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). Since the whereabouts of the animals were unknown, it was difficult to see how this matter could be resolved and the current taxonomic status of P. johnaspinalli remains unclear. I present new information about the fate of the individual animals in the photographs and their species identification. In 2009, thirteen of the langurs on which Nardelli based his description were brought to a rescue centre where, after about three months, they regained their normal black colouration confirming the bleaching hypothesis. Eight of the langurs were released in a forest and two were monitored for two months in 2014. The description of their behaviour, photographs and analysis of their cytochrome b genes confirms them as ebony langurs. There is no evidence to support the notion that the golden-crowned langur represents intermediates between melanistic and erythristic ebony langurs, nor that it represents a new species. As such, Presbytis johnaspinalli Nardelli, 2015 is a junior synonym of Trachyptihecus auratus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812). This case underscores the importance of assembling a sufficiently varied amount of data prior to describing new species and studying the actual type specimens.

Effect of infant pelage colour on infant caring by other group members: a case study of wild Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus)

We observed interactions of group members with seven Javan lutungs (Trachypithecus auratus) infants from January to March 2018. Infants’ pelage colouration changed from bright yellow to black, and it took about 2.9 months (on average) until the yellowness disappeared, and about 6.1 months (on average) until the colouration change was completed. Infants with yellow pelage spent more time being held and screaming, while infants with black pelage spent more time moving and feeding. The number of neighbouring animals decreased as the infants’ pelage became black, which implied that group members are attracted to the yellowness of infants. As the pelage became black and the infant aged, the neighbouring animals exhibited more social behaviour. Our results implied that bright yellow pelage colour triggers their parental instincts. The bright pelage colour would benefit infants because group members protect them from unfamiliar males and predators.

COMPARISON BETWEEN Trachypithecus auratus AND Trachypithecus cristatus BRAIN SIZE IN INDONESIA

Taxonomic studies on Trachypithecus species in Indonesia define that this genus separated into two species that are Trachypithecus auratus and Trachypithecus cristatus with Trachypithecus auratus auratus as a subspecies. To determine relative brain size differences between species of the genus Trachypithecus in Indonesia and to examine clinal variation, a study related to brain size and morphological characters that affect the brain size is carried out. This study analyzes the brain volume between both species and examines its relationship with morphometric measurement and variables such as sex, age, and specimen location. Brain volumes were calculated from braincase volumes using 0.5 mm silica gel as mini beads. This study reveals that there are significant differences in relative brain size inter-species, sex, age and interaction among variable. Overall, T. auratus have a bigger brain size than T. cristatus, and the brain size of males are larger than females. The older individual tends to have similar brain size with younger ones. The different relative brain size on age level influenced by GSL size. Allometric body size affects the size of the brain directly. Also, there is a clinal trend in relative brain size. Trachypithecus auratus brain size is increasing from West Java to Lombok island. Further study is needed to understand the influence of external factor such as ecological and social factors on brain size in Trachypithecus.

POTENSI KEANEKARAGAMAN SATWA LIAR (MAMALIA DAN REPTIL) DI KAWASAN HUTAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM KERANDANGAN

Potensi keanekaragaman hayati Satwa liar (Mamalia dan Reptil) di Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Kerandangan merupakan potensi yang bersifat komplek dan harus dilestarikan oleh karena itu Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji jenis satwa, indeks keanekaragaman jenis satwa liar mamalia dan reptil, serta Bagaimana kepadatan satwa mamalia dan reptil di Kawasan Hutan TWA Kerandangan. Dalam Karya Tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan Metode kajian pustaka dan Studi Lapangan dan teknik analisis data berdasarkan perbandingan indeks Dominansi. Penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Kelompok mamalia (Lutung Trachypithecus auratus, famili Cercopithecidae yang di temukan dari ke 3 jalur seperti Monyet abu- abu Macaca Fascicularis, Tikus pohon ,Rattus tiomanicus, Dan Musang, Paradoxurus, Kelompok reptil (Ular ada dua jenis ular di temukan yaitu jenis Sibynophis dan Trimerusus insularis , Tokek Gekko Gecko, Kadal Lacetillia , Dan Biawak air dan biawak pohon Varanus Salvator dan Varanus Macraei dan Indeks keanekaragaman jenis pada jalur 1=1,641 yaitu kategori sedang ,pada jalur 2 =1,431 kategori sedang dan pada jalur 3 =1,267 kategori sedang Kepadatan satwa dari ke 3 jalur mamalia dan reptil adalah 2,431.

Profil Biokimia Darah pada Lutung Jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) yang dipelihara Secara Ex-Situ

Lutung jawa (Trachyipithecus auratus) merupakan primata endemik Indonesia yang populasinya semakin menurun akibat perburuan dan perdagangan ilegal. Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa (PPS) sebagai lembaga konservasi ex-situ berperan dalam rehabilitasi lutung jawa sitaan sebelum dilepasliarkan kembali ke habitat aslinya. Pemeriksaan kesehatan satwa wajib dilakukan selama masa rehabilitasi. Profil biokimia darah merupakan metode yang sering digunakan untuk menilai kesehatan hewan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji profil biokimia darah lutung jawa yang dipelihara secara ex-situ. Sebanyak lima ekor lutung jawa yang dipelihara di PPS Tabanan Bali dilakukan pemeriksaan profil biokimia darah. Hasil uji biokimia darah yang dilakukan pada 5 sampel adalah aspartat aminotransaminase (AST): 84,25 IU/L ± 47,07; alanin aminotransferase (ALT): 137,25 IU/L ± 83,44; alkalin fosfatase (ALP): 437,67 IU/L ± 189,21; ureum: 96,6 mg/dL ± 50,70; kreatinin: 1,76 mg/dL ± 0,21. Nilai yang bervariasi dari masing-masing parameter disebabkan oleh variasi jenis kelamin dan umur.