Dynamic modeling and control method of a new concept wing-disk aircraft

The research aimed at a new layout wing-disk solar aircraft concept with several wings around the disc fuselage, select coordinates and variables adaptively for the new dynamic subject, and establish dynamic model, using blade element momentum theory and CFD value for correction. Design the flight control strategy and controller constraint relations, put forward the method of control allocation and manipulation, and use nonlinear dynamic inversion control method aimed at the transverse and longitudinal coupling, serious nonlinear characteristics, and adds integral element as a robust dynamic inverse control to deal with the poor performance of previous method, and simulate to validate the control design.

The Myopic-Ubpy-Hrs nexus enables endosomal recycling of Frizzled

Endosomal trafficking of signaling proteins plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis. The seven-pass transmembrane protein Frizzled (Fz) is a critical component of Wnt signaling. Although Wnt signaling is proposed to be regulated by endosomal trafficking of Fz, the molecular events that enable this regulation are not completely understood. Here we show that the endosomal protein Myopic (Mop) regulates Fz trafficking in the Drosophila wing disk by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of Hrs. Deletion of Mop or Hrs results in endosomal accumulation of Fz and therefore reduced Wnt signaling. The in situ proximity ligation assay revealed a strong association between Mop and Hrs in the Drosophila wing disk. Overexpression of Hrs rescues the trafficking defect caused by mop knockdown. Mop aids in the maintenance of Ubpy, which deubiquitinates (and thus stabilizes) Hrs. In the absence of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl, Mop is dispensable. These findings support a previously unknown role for Mop in endosomal trafficking of Fz in Wnt-receiving cells.

Efficiency Measurement of Bionic Propulsion

The existences of traditional water propulsion promote low efficiency. Used by biological propulsion, after the last million years of evolution, the maximum utilization of its power, the best way. Bionic propulsion system designed in this paper consists of two large travel umbrella wing plate in reciprocating linear travel agencies, led by the reciprocating motion along the vertical, in the water under the influence of backward movement of the wing disk automatically open, resulting in the pull forward, the forward movement of the wing disk automatically shut down to reduce water resistance. This paper designs a bionic propulsion and efficiency measurement tests carried out.

Groucho Oligomerization Is Required for Repression In Vivo

ABSTRACT Drosophila Groucho (Gro) is a member of a family of metazoan corepressors with widespread roles in development. Previous studies indicated that a conserved domain in Gro, termed the Q domain, was required for repression in cultured cells and mediated homotetramerization. Evidence presented here suggests that the Q domain contains two coiled-coil motifs required for oligomerization and repression in vivo. Mutagenesis of the putative hydrophobic faces of these motifs, but not of the hydrophilic faces, prevents the formation of both tetramers and higher order oligomers. Mutagenesis of the hydrophobic faces of both coiled-coil motifs in the context of a Gal4-Gro fusion protein prevents repression of a Gal4-responsive reporter in S2 cells, while mutagenesis of a single motif weakens repression. The finding that the repression directed by the single mutants depends on endogenous wild-type Gro further supports the idea that oligomerization plays a role in repression. Overexpression in the fly of forms of Gro able to oligomerize, but not of a form of Gro unable to oligomerize, results in developmental defects and ectopic repression of Gro target genes in the wing disk. Although the function of several corepressors is suspected to involve oligomerization, these studies represent one of the first direct links between corepressor oligomerization and repression in vivo.

Context-dependent relationships between the BMPsgbbanddppduring development of theDrosophilawing imaginal disk

The Drosophila BMP5/6/7/8 homolog, glass bottom boat (gbb), has been shown to be involved in proliferation and vein patterning in the wing disk. To better understand the roles for gbb in wing development, as well as its relationship with the Drosophila BMP2/4 homolog decapentaplegic (dpp), we have used clonal analysis to define the functional foci of gbb during wing development. Our results show that gbb has both local and long-range functions in the disk that coincide both spatially and functionally with the established functions of dpp, suggesting that both BMPs contribute to the same processes during wing development. Indeed, comparison of the mutant phenotypes of dpp and gbb hypomorphs and null clones shows that both BMPs act locally along the longitudinal and cross veins to affect the process of vein promotion during pupal development, and long-range from a single focus along the A/P compartment boundary to affect the processes of disk proliferation and vein specification during larval development. Moreover, we show that duplications of dpp are able to rescue many of the phenotypes associated with gbb mutants and clones, indicating that the functions of gbb are at least partially redundant with those of dpp. While this relationship is similar to that described for dpp and the BMP screw (scw) in the embryo, we show that the mechanisms underlying both local and long-range functions of gbb and dpp in the wing are different. For the local foci, gbb function is confined to the regions of the veins that require the highest levels of dpp signaling, suggesting that gbb acts to augment dpp signaling in the same way as scw is proposed to do in the embryo. However, unlike scw-dependent signals in the embryo, these gbb signals are not transduced by the Type I receptor saxophone (sax), thus, the cooperativity between gbb and dpp is not achieved by signaling through distinct receptor complexes. For the long-range focus along the A/P compartment boundary, gbb function does not appear to affect the high point of the dpp gradient, but, rather, appears to be required for low points, which is the reciprocal of the relationship between dpp and scw in the embryo. Moreover, these functions of gbb also do not require the Type I receptor sax. Given these results, we conclude that the relationships between gbb and dpp in the wing disk represent novel paradigms for how multiple BMP ligands signal during development, and that signaling by multiple BMPs involves a variety of different inter-ligand relationships that depend on the developmental context in which they act.

Colour pattern regulation after surgery on the wing disks of Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Partial ablations were done in situ on the imaginal disks of the hindwing in larvae of Precis coenia at ages between 2 and 9 days prior to pupation. While there was no regeneration of the wing lamina, the cut edge developed normal marginal scales and a marginal colour pattern if the ablation was done more than 3–5 days prior to pupation. The response of elements of the marginal colour pattern to partial ablation of the wing disk indicates that the wing margin has an important role in colour pattern determination and appears to act as a sink for a pattern-inducing signal. While the elements of the marginal colour pattern regulate to the shape and position of the new wing margin, the eyespots changed their shape and size but not their position upon partial ablation of the wing disk. When a cut was positioned near one of the dorsal eyespots, the outer rings of the eyespot opened up so that its central field became contiguous with the new margin. The behaviour of the dorsal eyespots of the hindwing in response to ablation of the wing disk, as well as to other developmental disturbances, appears to be the reverse of those on the forewing and ventral hindwing. We conclude that the central field of a dorsal eyespot and the wing margin share similar controlling properties with respect to pattern, and that both appear to act as sinks or as the inverse of the sources of pattern-inducing signal found in the eyespots of the forewing.