Stochastic Generator of Earthquakes for Mainland France

Mainland France is characterized by low-to-moderate seismic activity, yet it is known that major earthquakes could strike this territory (e.g., Liguria in 1887 or Basel in 1356). Assessing this French seismic hazard is thus necessary in order to support building codes and to lead prevention actions towards the population. The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) is the classical approach used to estimate the seismic hazard. One way to apply PSHA is to generate synthetic earthquakes by propagating information from past seismicity and building various seismic scenarios. In this paper, we present an implementation of a stochastic generator of earthquakes and discuss its relevance to mimic the seismicity of low-to-moderate seismic areas. The proposed stochastic generator produces independent events (main shocks) and their correlated seismicity (only aftershocks). Main shocks are simulated first in time and magnitude considering all available data in the area, and then localized in space with the use of a probability map and regionalization. Aftershocks are simulated around main shocks by considering both the seismic moment ratio and distribution of the aftershock’s proportion. The generator is tested with mainland France data.

Pengaruh Klasifikasi Kelas Situs Menurut SNI 1726-2019 Terhadap Keruntuhan Progresif pada Struktur Gedung Tidak Beraturan

Seiring perkembangan teknologi konstruksi gedung, pembangunan gedung bertingkat dengan struktur tidak beraturan semakin bertambah demi memenuhi aspek estetika gedung maupun akibat keterbatasan lahan. Bentuk struktur tidak beraturan ini berpengaruh terhadap keruntuhan progresif gedung. Selain aspek desain, pada perencanaan gedung beban gempa harus direncanakan dengan peraturan baru yang berlaku yaitu SNI 1726-2019. Salah satu perubahan yang terjadi pada SNI 1726-2019 adalah klasifikasi kelas situs. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh klasifikasi kelas situs terhadap keruntuhan progresif struktur gedung tidak beraturan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menganalisis elemen struktur berupa kolom dan balok sebelum dan sesudah menghilangkan salah satu kolom struktur berpedoman pada General Services Administration (GSA) dengan beban gempa yang bekerja beban gempa statik ekivalen pada keempat klasifikasi kelas situs yaitu SB (Batuan), SC (Tanah keras), SD (Tanah sedang) dan SE (Tanah lunak). Pemeriksaan kekuatan struktur menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis elemen hingga untuk mengetahui nilai Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), Bending Moment Ratio (BMR) dan Robustness Indicator (R). Struktur dikatakan mengalami keruntuhan progresif apabila nilai DCR > 1,5. Dari hasil analisis diketahui nilai DCR dari kelas situs SB ke kelas situs SE mengalami kenaikan sedangkan nilai BMR mengalami penurunan. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa keruntuhan progresif tidak terjadi pada keempat kasus kegagalan kolom dan perbedaan kelas situs terhadap gaya aksial dan momen, namun terjadi terhadap gaya geser. Nilai Robustness Indicator (R) yang didapat mendekati sama dengan satu (R≈1), nilai tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa penyaluran beban berjalan dengan normal.

The Relative Orientation of the Trunk and Tibia can be Used to Estimate the Demands on the Hip and Knee Extensors During the Barbell Back Squat

Sagittal plane inclination of the trunk and tibia have been shown to independently modulate hip and knee extensor moments during squatting. The purpose of this study was to determine if the difference between sagittal plane trunk and tibia inclinations can be used to approximate the relative demand of the hip and knee extensors across a range of squatting conditions. Kinematic and kinetic data were obtained from 16 participants during 8 squat conditions in which trunk and tibia inclination were manipulated. The average hip/knee extensor moment ratio (HKR) was calculated during the lowering (eccentric) phase of each squat condition using inverse dynamics equations. Linear regression evaluated the association between the difference in trunk and tibia inclination at peak knee flexion and the average HKR. Across all squat conditions, the difference between trunk and tibia inclinations explained 70% of the variance in the average HKR (p < 0.001). The squat was knee extensor biased (HKR ≤ 1.0) when the tibia was at least 8 degrees more inclined than the trunk. The results of this study indicate that the relationship between sagittal plane trunk and tibia inclination can be used to estimate the relative demand of the hip and knee extensors.

Clinical Estimation of the Use of the Hip and Knee Extensors During Athletic Movements Using 2D Video

Given that increased use of the knee extensors relative to the hip extensors may contribute to various knee injuries, there is a need for a practical method to characterize movement behavior indicative of how individuals utilize the hip and knee extensors during dynamic tasks. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the difference between sagittal plane trunk and tibia orientations obtained from 2D video (2D trunk–tibia) could be used to predict the average hip/knee extensor moment ratio during athletic movements. Thirty-nine healthy athletes (15 males and 24 females) performed 6 tasks (step down, drop jump, lateral shuffle, deceleration, triple hop, and side-step-cut). Lower-extremity kinetics (3D) and sagittal plane video (2D) were collected simultaneously. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine if the 2D trunk–tibia angle at peak knee flexion predicted the average hip/knee extensor moment ratio during the deceleration phase of each task. For each task, an increase in the 2D trunk–tibia angle predicted an increase in the average hip/knee extensor moment ratio when adjusted for body mass (all P < .013, R2 = .17–.77). The 2D trunk–tibia angle represents a practical method to characterize movement behavior that is indicative of how individuals utilize the hip and knee extensors during dynamic tasks.

Energetic Rupture and Tsunamigenesis during the 2020 Mw 7.4 La Crucecita, Mexico Earthquake

The La Crucecita earthquake ruptured on the megathrust, generating strong shaking and a modest but long-lived tsunami. This is a significant earthquake that illuminates important aspects of the behavior of the megathrust as well as the potential related hazards. The rupture is contained within 15–30 km depth, ground motions are elevated, and the energy to moment ratio is high. We argue that it represents a deep megathrust earthquake, the 30 km depth is the down-dip edge of slip. The inversion is well constrained, ruling out any shallow slip. It is the narrow seismogenic width and the configuration of the coastline that allow for deformation to occur offshore. The minor tsunamigenesis can be accounted for by the deep slip patch. There is a significant uplift at the coast above it, which leads to negative maximum tsunami amplitudes. Finally, tide-gauge recordings show that edge-wave modes were excited and produce larger amplitudes and durations in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.