Mammography Screening and Research Evidence: The Swedish Contribution

Sweden has made a contribution to mammography screening research considerably disproportionate to its size. With 0.13% of the world’s population, Sweden contributed almost half of the randomized trial evidence on mammography screening. In addition to the fundamental efficacy of screening in preventing deaths from breast cancer, Swedish researchers have produced a considerable volume of research evaluating mammography screening in the routine healthcare services setting and illuminating issues of breast cancer progression and natural history. The basic result that screening prevents deaths from breast cancer has informed policy and led to substantial preservation of life internationally.

Delayed Treatment of Acute Subdural Hematomas: Retrospective Outcome Analysis of 215 Patients

BACKGROUND: The preferred treatment method for acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) is surgical intervention. AIM: We aimed to show that, regardless of the good results of surgical treatment, conventional delayed treatment might be very useful in some situations and might lead to chronicity of hematoma as well as reduction of surgical intervention scope and reduce risk of anesthesia. It might also give rise to spontaneous resorption of hematoma. METHODS: In the period March 1, 2013–March 1, 2020, we retrospectively examined 215 aSDH patients. The basic result of the outcome analysis was evaluated on the basis of the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge after 3-month and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 215 patients with aSDH and minor or moderate brain injury were examined, while applying conventional delayed treatment, the following results were obtained: large craniotomy was carried out in 123 patients (57.2%) on the 2nd–3rd day of observation, small craniotomy with drainage was applied in 29 patients (13.5%) and spontaneous resorption of subdural hematoma occurred in 63 patients (29.3%). The median score as per the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission to the hospital was 11.4. CONCLUSION: This study showed that conventional delayed treatment applied in patients with aSDH and minor or moderate craniocerebral injury might lead to chronicity and resorption of aSDH. The outcomes as per the GOS scale also showed good data three and 6 months after hospitalization.

CREATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PARAMETRIC IDENTIFICATION DURING TESTS TO DETERMINE THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE HELICOPTER WITH EXHAUST- HEAT SHIELDS

With the increasing effectiveness of guided missile weapons, the problem of protecting helicopters from these means of destruction is becoming increasingly important. To date, the issue of assessing the protection of helicopters in tests of helicopter equipment are insufficiently developed and require more careful consideration. Therefore, the research of the protection of helicopters equipped with an integrated protection system against guided missiles with infra-red target seeker devices and the impact of exhaust-heat shields on the values of flight characteristics of the helicopter is quite relevant. The article researches the influence of exhaust-heat shields on the flight technical characteristics of helicopters, their change during the installation of exhaust-heat shields. The estimation of the change in geometric, mass and center characteristics of helicopters by the calculation method is given and the method determining the characteristics of fuel consumption by the calculation and experimental method is given. The methodology and results of experimental researches of flight technical characteristics of the helicopter with the established exhaust-heat shield are described. The basic result of the research is the study of existing methods for determining the impact of exhaust-heat shields on the flight characteristics of helicopters. Methods of parametric identification for determination of fuel consumption are worked out and the analysis of flight technical characteristics of the helicopter is developed. The fuel consumption of the helicopter with exhaust-heat shield is defined. Integrated assessment of the effectiveness of protection of helicopters from guided missiles with infra-red targeting device can be directly used in practice in test systems for the protection of upgraded and the latest models of helicopters. According to the results of research, mathematical models for determining the fuel consumption of a helicopter with exhaust-heat shields have been developed.

Group health risk parameters in a heterogeneous cohort. Indirect assessment as per events taken in dynamics

The present work focuses on describing a procedure for assessing intensive and cumulative parameters of specific risk when observing cohorts under combined exposure to several external or internal factors. The research goal was to reveal how to use well-known heuristic-descriptive parameters accepted in remote consequences epidemiology for analyzing dynamics of countable events in a cohort; analysis should be performed on quite strict statistic-probabilistic grounds based on Bayesian approach to explaining conditional probabilities that such countable events might occur. The work doesn’t contain any new or previously unknown epidemiologic concept or parameters; despite that, it is not a simple literature review. It is the suggested procedure itself that is comparatively new as it combines techniques used to process conventional epidemiologic information and a correct metrological approach based on process description. The basic result is providing a reader with understanding that all basic descriptive epidemiologic parameters within cohort description framework turn out to be quantitatively interlinked in case they are considered as conditional group processes. It allows simultaneous inter-consistent assessment of annual risk parameters and Kaplan-Meier (Fleming-Harrington) and Nelson-Aalen cumulative parameters as well as other conditional risk parameters or their analogues. It is shown that when a basic descriptive characteristic of cumulative parameters is chosen as a measure for measurable long-term external exposure, it is only natural to apply such a concept as a dose of this risk factor which is surrogate in its essence. Operability of the procedure was confirmed with an example. The suggested procedure was proven to differ from its prototype that previously allowed achieving only substantially shifted estimates, up to ~100 % even in case an operation mode was normal. Application requires creating specific but quite available PC software.

Group health risk parameters in a heterogeneous cohort. Indirect assessment as per events taken in dynamics

The present work focuses on describing a procedure for assessing intensive and cumulative parameters of specific risk when observing cohorts under combined exposure to several external or internal factors. The research goal was to reveal how to use well-known heuristic-descriptive parameters accepted in remote consequences epidemiology for analyzing dynamics of countable events in a cohort; analysis should be performed on quite strict statistic-probabilistic grounds based on Bayesian approach to explaining conditional probabilities that such countable events might occur. The work doesn’t contain any new or previously unknown epidemiologic concept or parameters; despite that, it is not a simple literature review. It is the suggested procedure itself that is comparatively new as it combines techniques used to process conventional epidemiologic information and a correct metrological approach based on process description. The basic result is providing a reader with understanding that all basic descriptive epidemiologic parameters within cohort description framework turn out to be quantitatively interlinked in case they are considered as conditional group processes. It allows simultaneous inter-consistent assessment of annual risk parameters and Kaplan-Meier (Fleming-Harrington) and Nelson-Aalen cumulative parameters as well as other conditional risk parameters or their analogues. It is shown that when a basic descriptive characteristic of cumulative parameters is chosen as a measure for measurable long-term external exposure, it is only natural to apply such a concept as a dose of this risk factor which is surrogate in its essence. Operability of the procedure was confirmed with an example. The suggested procedure was proven to differ from its prototype that previously allowed achieving only substantially shifted estimates, up to ~100 % even in case an operation mode was normal. Application requires creating specific but quite available PC software.

Cuban State and Legal Subjectivity in the 19th Century: Origins and Process of Formation

This article is devoted to the origins of the Cuban state-legal subjectivity. The Cuban nation, which was born in the second half of the 18th century, went through a series of fundamental transformations in the 19th century, the basic result of which was the liberation from the yoke of the Spanish metropolis and the achievement of national independence. A number of social, foreign policy, and financial and economic factors contributed to this aspect. The American protectorate, however, imposed on Cuba in the form of the Platt Constitutional Amendment of 1901, did not allow the Island of Liberty to enjoy full sovereignty, which ultimately led to the victory of the Cuban Revolution of 1959.

Finite-time synchronization for chaotic neural networks with stochastic disturbances

In this paper, we focus on the problem of synchronization for chaotic neural networks with stochastic disturbances. Firstly, we provide a basic result that the systems including the drive system, response system, and error system have a unique solution on the whole time horizon. Based on this result, we design a new control law such that the response system can be synchronized with the drive chaotic system in finite time. Furthermore, we show that the settling time is independent of the initial data under some proper conditions, which hints that the fixed-time synchronization of chaotic neural networks can be realized by our proposed method. Finally, we give simulations to verify the theoretical analysis for our main results.

Authentification of fruit spirits using HS-SPME/GC-FID and OPLS methods

This research provides an accurate description of the origin for fruit spirits. In total, 63 samples of various kinds of fruit spirits (especially from apples, pears, plums, apricots and mirabelle) were analysed using headspace-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector. Obtained volatile profiles were treated and analysed by multivariate regression with a reduction of dimensionality-orthogonal projections to latent structure for the classification of fruit spirits according to their fruit of origin. Basic result of statistical analysis was the differentiation of spirits to groups with respect to fruit kind. Tested kinds of fruit spirits were strictly separated from each other. The selection was achieved with a specificity of 1.000 and a sensitivity of 1.000 for each kind of spirit. The statistical model was verified by an external validation. Hierarchical cluster analysis (calculation of distances by Ward’s method) showed a similarity of volatile profiles of pome fruit spirits (apple and pear brandies) and stone fruit spirits (especially mirabelle and plum brandies).

Is There Any Connection between Urine pH with Freckles?

The aim of the present study was to show the relationship between urine pH and freckles. We asked about this to 100 participants in the research. These participants were the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University. By urine sample, we analyze the acidity or alkalinity of urine. The test for checking the acidity or alkalinity of urine is also called a urine pH test. A urine test shows the acidic or basic result if we take medicine our diet or many diseases. Freckles are a small brown spot on the surface of the skin. They only not found on the skin of the children. Freckles have a different color like dark brown, sometimes black moles type. It was concluded from the result that the test was non-significant because there was no link between urine pH and freckles.