Structured event complexes are the primary representation in the human prefrontal cortex

Instead of endorsing an all-encompassing view about the influence of abstractions in predictive processing, I suggest that most deliberative thought including complex abstractions, agent actions, and/or perceived environmental sequences are stored in the human prefrontal cortex in the form of structured event complexes.

The Digital Library and the Archiving System for Educational Institutes

At present, there are several formats that exist through which data is distributed among online stakeholders. An example of this is the XML, which like other such formats is helpful for traditional inquiry methods and for forming the foundation of query languages such as SPARQL and SQL. Information about primary representation demands a broader assistance for the languages where every piece of data from any resource can substantiate the original queries for searching. Such models are useful for XML based retrieval since several cooperative XML search engines have been developed already. These search engines perform semantic investigation of XML files with data surrounded by the important fields. Therefore, XML files are used to store and index data intended for competent retrieval. In this research, an attempt is made to fill this gap of customized representation and retrieval with a focus on the educational domain. An institute's repository of books, e-books, journals, articles and research theses has been used to retrieve results. A system has been proposed and developed to store the contents of Institute's Databank as an object of the Digital Library. A structured method has been proposed to organize all the data and a system has been developed which extracts meaningful information from the Data Bank. The information repository is established, and the entire data is represented in terms of a unit called Digital Object in the Digital Library. The single unit is represented by recording some quantitative data about it referred to as ‘Metadata'. The search is focused on extracting meaningful information from the repository by applying some filtration strategies to get relevant information, best matched with the query terms. At the end, a partitioning and parallelism focused architecture to archive the information for sharing, back-up and collaboration is also proposed. Comparison of the proposed scheme with state of the art schemes is provided in terms of computational complexity and recall measurement.

A General Theory of Singularities

Chapter 6 presents the singularity theory in formal detail. The theory is pitched at a sufficiently general level to handle in a unified way the notions of denotation, extension, and truth. The central notions of semantic pathology and singularity are defined, and a procedure for determining the semantic value of a pathological token is provided. The chapter gives precise expression to the idea that our semantic expressions are significant everywhere except for certain singularities. Key ingredients of the formal theory include the notions of primary representation, primary tree, and determination tree. Paradoxical cases from previous chapters are used throughout the chapter to illustrate the formal definitions.

Identifying Singularities

Chapter 4 lays out the central notions that allow us to identify the singularities of a given occurrence (in ordinary English) of ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, or ‘true’. Key notions are those of the primary representation of an expression, and the primary tree of an expression. The primary tree displays the semantic network that the expression generates. The notions of pathology and singularity are then defined in terms of the notion of primary tree. The chapter argues that the singularity account respects Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the singularity treatment of the simple paradox of denotation (introduced in Chapter 2) with those of Field and Scharp. Chapter 4 anticipates the fully formal singularity theory to be presented in Chapter 6.

Importancia del uso de recursos didácticos en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias biológicas para la estimulación visual del estudiantado

This article aims to conduct a literature review on documentary sources approaching aspects related to the importance of the use of didactic resources in the teaching and learning process of biological sciences. The paper focuses on the visual stimulation of students, and considers important information in the field of biological sciences, pedagogy and didactics. Through a systematic review, bibliographical and electronic sources were selected; they were published in a period from 1983 to 2013. The article describes some of the main didactic resources producing greater visual impact in the students and turning into meaningful learning through their incorporation into the cerebral cortex. Findings suggest that the individuals’ learning is mediated by the nervous system and the sensory organs. Likewise, studies have verified that the sense of sight is the system of primary representation for most human beings, and the teaching strategies combining vision with hearing have considerable possibilities of being more effective. It is concluded that the use of adequate didactic resources is indispensable to optimize students’ learning in terms of content in the area of biological sciences. So it is recommended that teachers consider these realities when planning strategies to teach their classes.

Declarative encodings of acyclicity properties

Many knowledge representation tasks involve trees or similar structures as abstract datatypes. However, devising compact and efficient declarative representations of such structural properties is non-obvious and can be challenging indeed. In this article, we take a number of acyclicity properties into consideration and investigate various logic-based approaches to encode them. We use answer set programming as the primary representation language but also consider mappings to related formalisms, such as propositional logic, difference logic and linear programming. We study the compactness of encodings and the resulting computational performance on benchmarks involving acyclic or tree structures.

Astrometric star catalogues as combination of Hipparcos/Tycho catalogues with ground-based observations

The successful ESA mission Hipparcos provided very precise parallaxes positions and proper motions of many stars in optical wavelength. Therefore it is a primary representation of International Celestial Reference System in this wavelength. However, the shortness of the mission (less than four years) causes some problems with proper motions of the stars that are double or multiple. Therefore, a combination of the positions measured by Hipparcos satellite with ground-based observations with much longer history provides a better reference frame that is more stable in time. Several examples of such combinations are presented (ACT, TYCHO-2, FK6, GC+HIP, TYC2+HIP, ARIHIP) and briefly described. The stress is put on the most recent Earth Orientation Catalogue (EOC) that uses about 4.4 million optical observations of latitude/universal time variations (made during the twentieth century at 33 observatories in Earth orientation programmes), in combination with some of the above mentioned combined catalogues. The second version of the new catalogue EOC-2 contains 4418 objects, and the precision of their proper motions is far better than that of Hipparcos Catalogue.

Inversion versus migration: A new perspective to an old discussion

Seismic imaging techniques can be subdivided into inversion and migration. The object functions for inversion and migration are, respectively, the medium contrast parameters and reflectivity. In this paper, the relationship between inversion and migration is approached by analyzing the underlying representations (the forward models). It appears that the “two‐way representation” (which underlies inversion) as well as the “one‐way representation” (which underlies migration) can both be expressed in terms of a volume integral over the appropriate object function. In their linearized form, these representations account for primaries only. In this case, the one‐way representation in terms of reflectivity is the most accurate of the two, which implies that proper migration is more accurate than linearized inversion. Internal multiples can be taken into account by the nonlinear representations. As an alternative, however, the “generalized primary representation” is introduced. In its explicit form, this one‐way representation is linear in the reflectivity (opposed to linearized). Nonlinear effects are implicitly accounted for by the generalized primary propagators. The generalized primary representation is a suitable basis for true amplitude migration, taking the angle‐dependent dispersive effects of fine layering into account.