Ilizarov technology in China: a historic review of thirty-one years

Purpose To summarize the evolution of Ilizarov technology in China, highlight important milestones, introduce the atmosphere of the era concerning the first uses and development of this technology, and share Chinese modification and experience in this field. Method A thorough interview with senior ASAMI members of China and literature search and physical books in libraries was undertaken to summarize the history of Ilizarov technology in China. Results The formal development of Ilizarov technology began when professor Ilizarov himself came to Beijing (1991) and gave a speech. In the following 31 years, his technology was rapidly developed through China, with many symposiums held and associations established including ASAMI China (2003) and ILLRS China (2015). Today, Ilizarov technology has become the main treatment of complex fractures, defects, nonunion, infections, deformities, and chronic ischemic ulcers of the limbs. In those years, Chinese scholars also developed some special treatment methods and made many modifications to Ilizarov external fixators. Conclusion Ilizarov technology has developed in China for 31 years. It revolutionized the treatment of complex limb traumas, deformities, and diseases. In the treatment of millions of patients, Chinese scholars had many unique experiences and made modifications to this technology which is worthy to share with the world.

Foreign language teaching in domestic non-linguistic educational establishments (historic review and development prospects)

This article describes the problems, development and modern trends of foreign language education in non-linguistic universities. It also gives a certain historical division of LSP studying into periods. This article highlights certain historical features of teaching professional English in domestic non-language educational institutions and reveals some modern prospects for the development of methodology for teaching professional foreign languages. The article also gives, as an example, a short presentation of training aviation specialists for foreign language vocational communication. The increased importance of proficiency in a professionally oriented foreign language is emphasized; the approaches that make up the methodological basis of the system of foreign language training are determined.

MERCANTILISM IN PERSPECTIVE: A HISTORIC REVIEW

Nations’ human and material resources are unevenly endowed, distributed and developed. This allows flow of labor, raw materials, capital and finished products across national boundaries and markets; thus resulting in “mercantilism” as the earliest international economic system that proposes massive and aggressive export over import to accumulate wealth, to have favorable balance of payment and trade and to be still relevant in today’s economy. Game theory and Global Strategic Rivalry theory were used in analyzing various innovations and discoveries (industrial, technological, colonial, imperial, liberalism and globalization) as the economic strategies are offshoots of mercantilist evolvement. Hence, mercantilism never died nor was it buried as claimed by many scholars.

Portuguese Archives and Libraries: a Century of Preservation and Conservation Practices for the Control of Biodeterioration

Biodeterioration has been a central subject for libraries and archives. Throughout the ages, different preventive and curative conservation measures were adopted to manage biodeterioration in Portuguese institutions, but the problem persists. A historic review of different methodologies used to prevent biodeterioration in the Portuguese context is presented and compared to international trends. It focuses on theories and practices of paper conservation on par with their evolution and a comparison between the art collectors' world and Libraries and Archives is also made. Biodeterioration management has always been a major concern, namely amid librarians and archivists, among the first ones to endorse the implementation of preservation policies. Although preservation awareness has a relatively long history, it is vital to encourage a better understanding of it at the decision-making level. In fact, the implementation of preventive conservation strategies continues to be unsatisfactory, despite the current sustainability issues and the dangers of handling contaminated documentation.

Portuguese Archives and Libraries: a Century of Preservation and Conservation Practices for the Control of Biodeterioration

Biodeterioration has been a central subject for libraries and archives. Throughout the ages, different preventive and curative conservation measures were adopted to manage biodeterioration in Portuguese institutions, but the problem persists. A historic review of different methodologies used to prevent biodeterioration in the Portuguese context is presented and compared to international trends. It focuses on theories and practices of paper conservation on par with their evolution and a comparison between the art collectors' world and Libraries and Archives is also made. Biodeterioration management has always been a major concern, namely amid librarians and archivists, among the first ones to endorse the implementation of preservation policies. Although preservation awareness has a relatively long history, it is vital to encourage a better understanding of it at the decision-making level. In fact, the implementation of preventive conservation strategies continues to be unsatisfactory, despite the current sustainability issues and the dangers of handling contaminated documentation.