Changed Industrial Relationship by Offshoring Threat and Labor Share: An Empirical Game-Theoretic Analysis

Research indicates that the labor share of the aggregate income has decreased steadily since the mid-1970s, i.e. when the globalization process began. This paper discusses the ways in which qualitative changes in globalization, coupled with increased offshoring, have changed industrial relationships. In our analysis, we consider a simple Nash bargaining model between employers and employees. Our model proposes the hypotheses that employees gain the power to increase their wages when employers do not have the option of offshoring. However, employees typically lose this power when employers possess an offshoring threat, culminating in wage deduction. Leveraging a panel set of data obtained from 18 OECD countries during the period 1975–2017, we have empirically confirmed these hypotheses by comparing the first phase of globalization—not characterized by an offshoring threat—with the second phase, which entails an offshoring threat. Our findings reveal that workers’ bargaining power, positively affects labor share in the first phase; however, it loses its effect in the second phase when offshoring exerts its negative effects on labor share. We conclude that a qualitative change in globalization with increased offshoring radically changed industrial relationship through the threat effect.

GENDER REPRESENTATION IN THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF MATHEMATICAL ACHIEVEMENTS

Balanced gender representation allows stereotype threat effect to be avoided so it is important in any type of educational materials, but it is even more so in national assessments as in some cases their outcome determines opportunities for young people. This study is centered on gender representation in the country-wide [Lithuanian] assessments of students' mathematical knowledge and skills, particularly, on the national assessments and exams level. The research data was analyzed using the authors' evaluation matrix. There were seven categories of topics found in contextual problems: free time and socialization, housework, movement, sagacity, shopping, skillfulness and sports. Study shows that some types of assessments represent genders in a more balanced way than others. When compared to other educational or entertainment sources of written information, national assessments of mathematical achievements seems to represent gender in a more balanced way.

Do Interviewers Affect Measures of Factual Political Knowledge? Evidence from Austria and Germany

This study examines how interviewers’ gender and education affect the measured level of factual political knowledge by drawing on competing theoretical frameworks: stereotype threat theory and interviewer noncompliance with the instructions. Testing these mechanisms using survey data from the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES) and the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES), we find no evidence for a stereotype threat effect, but seem to observe interviewer effects resulting from interviewer non-compliance. In Germany, respondents’ measured level of knowledge was significantly higher when a male interviewer, regardless of his education, conducted the interview, compared with low educated female interviewers. This finding has implications for survey-based studies, which measure factual political knowledge, for example attempts to limit such effects should be made during the interviewer briefing.

Not So Fast: Searching for Behavioral Effects of Putrescine in Direct and Conceptual Replications of Wisman and Shrira (2015)

Understanding olfactory signal perception in humans is important for advancing basic scientific questions about the role of odor in cognitive and social processes. Here we review animal research on behavioral consequences of exposure to putrescine, a trace amine found in bodily tissues and which is produced by decay processes. Wisman and Shrira (2015) exposed human participants to putrescine and other aversive substance odors, gathered hedonic ratings, and reported heightened vigilance and increased threat and escape-related cognitions and behavior in putrescine conditions. In Wisman & Shrira and the present experiments, participants and experimenters were blind to substance condition. We conducted a direct replication of Wisman and Shrira’s supraliminal exposure ratings and walking speed studies (Experiments 2 and 3) and a conceptual replication of a subliminal presentation defensive threat effect found in their Experiment 4. In our direct replication, putrescine and ammonia were rated similarly on intensity and repugnance, matching results obtained by Wisman and Shrira. Putrescine exposure was not associated with increased walking speed. In our conceptual replication, low-level putrescine exposure was not associated with ratings of potential aggressiveness of white and Black facial targets. Whether putrescine exposure reliably elicits threat-related cognition and behavior deserves further investigation.

THE ROLE OF STEREOTYPE THREAT PERCEPTION AND SUBTLE CUES ON STEREOTYPE THREAT EFFECT.

<div>The manuscript presents the results of an original research. <br></div><div>In the experiments presented, we investigated the role of subtle (Experimenter’s gender) and blatant cues (Diagnosticity) on perceived stereotype threat and performance, and showed that perceived stereotype threat can be an informative ecological predictor of performance decrease when added to subtle cue manipulation.</div>

THE ROLE OF STEREOTYPE THREAT PERCEPTION AND SUBTLE CUES ON STEREOTYPE THREAT EFFECT.

<div>The manuscript presents the results of an original research. <br></div><div>In the experiments presented, we investigated the role of subtle (Experimenter’s gender) and blatant cues (Diagnosticity) on perceived stereotype threat and performance, and showed that perceived stereotype threat can be an informative ecological predictor of performance decrease when added to subtle cue manipulation.</div>