Borrowed and Original Techniques in the Trio by Leonid Hrabovsky

Relevance of the study. During several years that preceded the creation of the Trio (1964), Leonid Hrabovsky wrote many other works in various genres and forms, ranging from suites and a sonata for solo instruments, a song cycle, and a cappella choruses, to large-scale compositions for orchestra and for mixed choir with orchestra, and even two one-act operas (piano scores). The composer’s stylistic priorities had been rapidly and strikingly evolving from “social realism with a human face” as evident in the Four Ukrainian Songs, towards a much more radical “sharp” expressionism and constructivism. This evolution caused the necessary changes in the techniques utilized by the composer. Hrabovsky was deeply impressed by the article Genealogia nowej muzyki (Genealogy of the new music) of the Polish musicologist Tadeusz Zieliński that was published in the magazine Ruch muzyczny, n. 20–21, 1963. Zieliński stated that, after historical periods of monody, polyphony and functional harmony, a new sonoric and timbral era had come. These ideas inspired Hrabovsky to move towards the radical avant-garde. The object of this research is the Trio by Leonid Hrabovsky. The purpose of the study is to reveal the inherent features that differentiate the piece from other avant-garde works of the early 1960s. Methods of research include technical analysis of the musical form and its dependence upon the pitch organization of the work, as well as comparative analysis. The results and conclusions. Being composed during several days in the spring of 1964, Trio became the first piece of Hrabovsky’s written in a definitely avant-garde style. It was premiered in 1966 and since then has become one of the composer’s most frequently performed works. The reason for such a success lies in the original concept of the piece that essentially differs from the other avant-garde works of that time. When discussing Trio, Hrabovsky always stresses the influence of the Polish avant-garde music attracting him during that period. Indeed, he borrowed a lot of devices from Miniatures for violin and piano by Krzysztof Penderecki, a score Hrabovsky knew and studied at that time. However, a comparative analysis of the two works reveals serious differences between them. While Penderecki operated with purely timbral (sonoric) objects and did not pay special attention to the pitch organization, Hrabovsky composed almost a classical three movement suite with the first movement in a ternary form and the last movement in the binary form. The classical principles of the pitch organization and the distribution of the pitch structures in Trio are similar to those in tonal music. These principles have been unusually applied to the sound material that has nothing in common with tonality. A combination of the traditional and new approaches to the form provided Hrabovsky’s Trio with unique qualities which made it not only an interesting artifact of the avant-garde period but one of the most valuable and artistically perfect works in the Ukrainian chamber music.

Spiritual Communion in a Digital Age: A Roman Catholic Dilemma and Tradition

In the midst of this pandemic, most Christian Churches in the United States have been required to limit severely if not suspend face-to-face worship. The responses to this challenge when it comes to celebrating the Eucharist have been multiple. Frequent pastoral responses have included the shipping of consecrated elements to folk for their use during live-stream worship and virtual communion, in which worshippers employ elements from their own households as communion elements during the digitized worship. These options are not permitted for Roman Catholics. Instead, it is most common for Roman Catholics to be invited into spiritual communion. This is often considered a diminished, even ternary form of communing, quickly dispensed when quarantines are lifted and herd immunity achieved. On the other hand, there is a rich and thoughtful tradition about spiritual communion that recognizes it as an essential element in communion even when such is experienced face-to-face. This article intends to affirm the values of spiritual communion as a real, mystical and fruitful action that not only sustains people worshipping from afar, but enhances an authentic eucharistic spirituality.

Specifics of the structure of the cycle and the musical form in the Concerto for Persian Ney and Orchestra «Toward That Endless Plain» by Reza Vali

The article considers the peculiarities of the structure of the cycle and the form of the Concerto for the Persian Ney with Orchestra «Toward That Endless Plain» by the modern Iranian-American composer of the XX–XXI centuries Reza Vali (b. 1952). It was found that the unusual structure and musical form of this Concert are manifested in the combination between traditional Western European principles of cycle composition with the principles of musical form each part that is characteristic of classical Iranian music. The cycle of the Concerto is three-part with additional sections. This model of a solo concerto has developed in the European musical tradition. However, due to the author’s program the structure of the cycle, in general, is extremely specific (Tavakkol, 2019: 271). It was found that the specifics of the structure of the cycle is the introduction of two additional sections, marked as “Prelude” (set out before Part I) and “Interlude” (placed between Parts II and III). It is established that each of the three parts and additional sections are set out in a peculiar form inherent in Iranian classical music: Parts I and III are composed in mosaic form, Part II is written in the form of nobats; “Prelude” and “Interlude” are created in Ternary form. It is revealed that the arched principle (the principle of symmetry) in the construction of the cycle is found between “Prelude” and “Interlude”, as well as between I and III parts. The alternation of tempo characteristics of the parts is revealed in the general composition of the cycle. The I and III parts have a slow tempo and the II part has a fast. (this kind of contrast between parts is not typical for the genre of a solo concert of Western European music). Two principles in the organization of the composition cycle and the form of individual parts are highlighted. It is proved that R. Vali’s choice of a specific composition of the cycle, the form of parts and additional sections, as well as the use of tempo of each part, is due to the concert program, which is a kind of interpretation of the meaning contained in the poem by S. Sepehri. The music of the work is closely connected with the program. All parts of the Concerto have titles in Persian and English, which are based on the postulates of mystical philosophy and Sufism. Prelude and Interlude, which are associated with images of the material world – aggression and war. In comparison with the saturated, solid sound of the Prelude and Interlude, the delicate sparsity of the three main parts of the cycle are meant to reveal the spiritual life of humanity (Tavakkol, 2020: 113–117).

Thinking Materialistically with Locke, Lonzi, and Cavarero

A “scherzo” is a musical piece which traditionally retains the ternary form of the minuet but is considerably quicker. This is a materialist scherzo, since it treats three different authors that are all significantly concerned with the body. John Locke, Carla Lonzi, and Adriana Cavarero present three different modes of narrating sex: the first implicitly, the second explicitly, the third creatively. Cavarero’s relationality, whilst giving a provocatively creative account of orgasm, attributes to sex a grounding function in rethinking the subject. Yet that there is also a political dimension in this carnal account of orgasm. By exploring the possibilities of the given of our bodily condition—an anatomical destination to pleasure that is always relational—this etude defends relational ethics as providing a different perspective on how to imagine social and political forms of co-existence and non-violence, beyond and apart from the naturalized claim to “fundamental hostility.”

Inverse Numerical Range and Determinantal Quartic Curves

A hyperbolic ternary form, according to the Helton–Vinnikov theorem, admits a determinantal representation of a linear symmetric matrix pencil. A kernel vector function of the linear symmetric matrix pencil is a solution to the inverse numerical range problem of a matrix. We show that the kernel vector function associated to an irreducible hyperbolic elliptic curve is related to the elliptic group structure of the theta functions used in the Helton–Vinnikov theorem.

F. Schubert’s last Piano Sonatas in the aspect of his song-like thinking

Background. Close relationships to a song is one of the constants of F. Schubert’s individual thinking. As it embraces all the genre spheres in composer’s heritage, it acquires a universal status, resulting in interchange of author’s findings in chamber-vocal and instrumental works, particularly piano ones. The researchers reveal influence of songs in non-song works by F. Schubert on two main levels: intonationally-thematical and structural. This raised a question about premises, which had created conducive conditions for integration of compositional principles, characteristic for songs and instrumental works by F. Schubert. This question is regarded on the example of three last Piano Sonatas by F. Schubert. Having been written in proximity to composer’s death, they demonstrated unity of composer’s style, achieved by him by integrating his innovations in song and instrumental genres into a unity of the highest degree. Objectives and methodology. The goal of the given article is to study the structure of selected songs by F. Schubert, marked by throughout dramatic development, and to reveal their influence on composer’s last piano sonatas. In order to achieve these goals, compositionally-dramaturgical and comparative methods of analysis were used. Theoretical preconditions. As a reference point for studying of influence of F. Schubert’s songs on his instrumental works, we might consider an article by V. Donadze (1940). In this research author for the first time formulated a view on composer’s song lyricism not only as on central element of his heritage, but also as on a factor, penetrating and uniting all the genres, in which the composer had worked. Thus, concept “song-like symphonism” entered musicological lexicon. The fruitful idea about song-like thinking of F. Schubert found rich development in numerous works of researchers of next generations and keeps its relevance up to nowadays. Results. Even in the one of the very first masterpieces of a song – “Gretchen am Spinnrade” – the author creates unique composition, organized by a circular symbol, borrowed from J. W. Goethe’s text. Using couplet structure as a foundation, F. Schubert creates the structure in a way, creating illusion of constant returning to the same thought, state, temporal dimension. The first parts of every couplet repeat, the second ones – integrate into a discrete, although definitively heading to a culmination, line of development. Thus, double musical time emerges simultaneously cyclical and founded on an attempt to achieve a goal. In the sonata Allegri, regarded in this article, the same phenomenon is revealed in interaction of classical algorithm of composition and functional peculiarities of recapitulations, which are transformed into variants of exposition. As an example of combination of couplet-born repetitions with throughout development we may name song “Morgengruss” from “Die schöne Müllerin”. The same method of stages in the exposition and recapitulation can be found in sonata Allegro of Sonata in C Minor. Polythematic strophic structure with throughout development is regarded on example of “Kriegers Ahnung” (lyricist Ludwig Rellstab) from “Der Schwanengesang”, which is compared to Andante from the before mentioned Sonata. Special attention is drawn to the cases in which cyclical features, characteristic for F. Schubert’s songs, find their way into sonata expositions and recapitulations. In the first movement of Sonata in B-flat Major these chapters of musical structures consist of three quite protracted episodes, which might be identified as first subject, second subject and codetta, respectively. Each of these episodes has its own key, image and logic of compositionally-dramaturgic process, while being marked by exhaustion of saying, which approximates the whole to a song cycle. The logic governing the succession of the episodes is founded not on causation (like in classical sonata expositions and recapitulations), but on the principles of switching from one lyrical state to another. The same patterns of structure are conspicuous in exposition and recapitulation of the first movement of Sonata in C Minor, in which the first section is marked by throughout development, the second one is a theme with two different variations, and the third one, the one recreating the process of rumination, with long pauses and fermatas, interrupting graduality of the movement, is founded on the contrast between playful and lyrical states. The outer movements of Sonata in A Major consist of several episodes. The first subject in ternary form has contrasting middle section; quite uncommon for F. Schubert linking episode dilates so much its function of “transition” is almost lost; enormous second subject eclipses the codetta in every section; it is an unique world, a palette of moods, images, musical events. Conclusions. Innovativity, characteristic for F. Schubert in the field of Romantic song, reveals itself not only in the spheres of images and emotions, musical language, interaction between vocal melody and piano part, but also in the organization of a structure. This allowed to re-evaluate means of organization of compositionally-dramaturgic process in piano sonatas by the composer as in the genre of instrumental music. While in the songs and song cycles these principles of structure were closely connected to extra-musical content, conditioned by it, in instrumental works, specifically, in piano sonatas, they became a feature of the musical content, immanent for music. This particularly helps to explain, why is it possible to use these principles without song-like intonations, usual for them. By the same token, even in this “isolated” variant they remind of their song origin, so songs and song cycles by F. Schubert become a “program” of his piano sonatas and works in another instrumental genres, in a similar fashion to opera, which has become crucial source for development of classical symphony.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PSYCHOORGANIC ANALYSIS IN THE TRAIT ANXIETY REDUCTION

The aim of study is to determine the possibility to reduce the level of anxiety as personality trait in the time of 22- month-long psychotherapeutic and educational group with using concepts of psychoorganic analysis – a relatively new branch of psychotherapy. The following concepts are used. Three relation forms: the unary form include a symbiotic relation level (undifferentiated sense of existence), the dual form is the binary and dialogic relation (“I am –YOU are”), the ternary form means the relation what is including a structure and the presence of the THIRD. The analysis and the evolution of three forms help to make sense of obstructive psychic occurrences in person. These occurrences are basis for life contracts, which have been protectively, but become troublesome in the lifetime. An activation of a micro–macro regulation is important in order the transformation of these occurrences. The evolution of three forms are the background for biodynamic work and the appropriate transformative intervention. The work of groups (36 participants in 2 groups) is managed from 8 psychotherapists and it is done following set instructions. Changes were evaluated 6 times with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results show statistically significant reduction of the level of the trait anxiety of STAI-Y (p<.05) related to the group program and dynamic.