Efek Moderasi Pelaporan Berkerlanjutan dalam Pengaruh Praktik Penghindaran Pajak Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

Researches on tax avoidance practices and firm value are still inconclusive. Therefore, this study examined whether sustainability reporting moderates the effects of tax avoidance on firm value. Tax avoidance is measured by pull effective tax rates (PETR) and cash effective tax rate (CETR). PETR is a measurement of the value of income that is taxed, while CETR is a measurement of taxes that are actually paid. The study used secondary data taken from companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. Hypotheses testing using panel regression method. Based on the examination of 1,374 observations, it was found that only 12.7% of the sample prepared sustainability report. It shows that sustainability reporting is still not mandatory for many public companies in Indonesia. According to the hypotheses test, tax avoidance (PETR or CETR) does not affect firm value. Sustainability reporting has a negative moderating effect but not significantly. On the other hand, firm value is significantly influenced by several control variables, including size, profitability, leverage, and age of the firm. These findings complement the literature on the role of sustainability reporting publications in determining firm value in relation to tax avoidance practices. Furthermore, this study is expected to increase the motivation of Indonesian listed companies to produce sustainability reports.

Determinan Penghindaran Pajak dengan Komisaris Independen sebagai Moderasi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang Konsumsi

ABSTRACT Tax avoidance is an effort to minimize the tax burden by exploiting the loophole of the tax law. This study aims to further examine the effect of profitability, leverage, firm size, capital intensity, sales growth, and independent commissioners as moderating variables which are estimated to have an effect on tax avoidance as the dependent variable which is proxied through Cash Effective Tax Rates (CETR). The source of data in this study is the annual report data of manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), namely www.idx.co.id as many as 37 companies for the period 2015 - 2019. The number of population obtained is 525 companies, then the sample of this research is obtained by purposive sampling technique which produces a sample of 148 for further research. The analysis technique used is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of this study indicate that leverage, firm size, and profitability as well as leverage moderated by independent commissioners have an effect on tax avoidance. Meanwhile, profitability, capital intensity, and sales growth have no effect on tax avoidance. ABSTRAK Tax avoidance merupakan upaya meminimalkan beban pajak dengan memanfaatkan kelemahan (loophole) undang- undang perpajakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji lebih lanjut pengaruh profitabilitas, leverage, ukuran perusahaan, capital intensity, sales growth, dan komisaris independen sebagai variabel moderasi yang diperkirakan mampu memberikan pengaruh terhadap tax avoidance sebagai variabel terikat yang diproksikan melalui Cash Effective Tax Rates (CETR). Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data laporan keuangan tahunan (annual report) perusahaan manufaktur sektor industri barang konsumsi yang terdaftar pada Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) yaitu www.idx.co.id sebanyak 37 perusahan periode tahun 2015 – 2019. Jumlah populasi diperoleh sebanyak 525 perusahaan, selanjutnya sampel penelitian ini didapat dengan teknik purposive sampling yang menghasilkan sampel yang berjumlah 148 untuk dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa leverage, ukuran perusahaan, dan profitabilitas serta leverage yang dimoderasi oleh komisaris independen berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance. Sedangkan profitabilitas, capital intensity, dan sales growth tidak berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance.

How do the Tax Burden and the Fiscal Space in Latin America look like? Evidence through Laffer Curves

How much fiscal space do Latin American countries have to increase their tax burdens in the long term? This paper provides an answer through Laffer curves estimates for taxes on labor, capital, and consumption for the six largest emerging economies of the region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Estimates are made using a neoclassical growth model with second-generation human capital and employing data from the national accounts system for the period from 1994 to 2017. Our findings allow us to compare the recent effective tax rates on factor returns against those which would maximize the government's revenues, and therefore to derive the potential tax-related fiscal space. Results suggest that joint fiscal space on labor and capital taxes would reach 6.5% of GDP for the region, on average, and that there are important differences among the countries.

Taxes and Haven Activities: Evidence from Linguistic Cues

Users of Exhibit 21 cannot tell whether a tax haven subsidiary is actively operating or a dormant shell company. In this paper, we develop a new set of parsimonious measures to highlight the distinct mechanisms and tax effects of offshore sales to, as opposed to purchases from, tax haven countries, offering insights on the effects of certain types of offshoring activities on firms’ tax burdens. Our main measure has about three times the effect of the mere existence of a haven subsidiary in explaining firms’ effective tax rates. We detail the processes to predict the offshore activities in tax haven countries for firms without an Exhibit 21 and firms reporting no subsidiary operations in a tax haven country. Relative to the mere mention of a tax haven subsidiary in Exhibit 21, our new measures provide a richer information set to capture different types of economic activities in tax haven countries.

Effective Tax Rate Time Trends and its Determinants: Insight From The Corporate Taxpayer Utilising Reinvestment Allowance In Malaysia

This study aims to provide evidence on the trend in corporate tax revenue from the application of time-trend analysis of effective tax rate (ETR) amongst corporate taxpayers in Malaysia who claimed reinvestment allowance (RA) over a decade between 2007 and 2016. This study chose these observation periods because the Malaysian corporate STR has been found to have gradually reduced from 27 per cent to 24 per cent between 2007 to 2016, whereby these changes somehow impacted the tax revenue. Taxpayers who used RA for tax planning pay low taxes over time, determined through tax return data. Then, the study intended to examine the relationships between certain tax attributes, namely, company's profitability (ROA), the reinvestment allowance utilisation rate (RAUTI), type of corporate taxpayers (TPP), the book-tax gap (BTG) and how they associate to the trend in ETR. Reinvestment Allowance (RA) is renowned for being a corporate tax incentive in Malaysia to encourage investments in qualified projects through a tax deduction. An incentivised firm that pays low tax may not be engaging in fraudulent management, as generally assumed. However, it could have been due to tax avoidance strategies that can be observed through reduced or lowered effective tax rate (ETR) across ten years. Keywords: Effective Tax Rates, Tax Avoidance, Reinvestment Allowance, Tax Incentive, Taxation.

Examining Tax Strategy Choice

Most recent tax research examines the level of firms' effective tax rates (ETRs), focusing on tax avoidance. However, theoretical work and research on book-tax tradeoffs and reputational costs indicate some firms have other tax planning goals. Moreover, anecdotal evidence suggests consistent tax outcomes are important; therefore, the volatility of ETRs may be an alternative aspect of firms' tax planning. In this study, I find some firms utilize a second, distinct approach to tax strategy - maintaining low ETR volatility - by documenting systematic differences in firm characteristics associated with each tax strategy approach and a predictable shift in characteristics when firms change tax strategies. In combination, these results identify at least two distinct approaches to tax strategy. I also find firms exhibiting low ETR volatility earn significantly higher median buy-and-hold returns than firms exhibiting low ETR levels, consistent with benefits to alternative tax strategies.