THE EFFECT OF THE STABILITY OF THE FREE ANKLE JOINT ON THE GAIT BALANCE OF CHRONIC STROKE PATIENTS BY THE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS

Stroke patients have high foot instability and a high risk of falling down in walking and standing positions due to muscle and sensory disorders. There are many patients who complain of inconvenience in their daily lives, but independent walking is very difficult. In this work, we explore the effect on walking and dynamic balance by securing internal and external stability of the foot. Fifteen participants participated in the experiment, with 10m walk tests, timed and go tests, and functional reach tests. The walk 10m test was not statistically significant, with 0.59 ± 0.23 m/s before the device was worn and 0.66 ± 0.29 m/s after the device was worn. Timed up and Go tests were statistically significant 26.57 ± 6.12 seconds before wearing the device, 22.31 ± 4.32 seconds after wearing the device, 222.59 ± 10.31 cm before wearing the device, and 230.93 ± 11.33 cm after wearing the device. Securing internal and external stability of the foot can have a positive impact on securing a dynamic balance in which weight movement is performed.

Stability Analysis of Systems with Fuzzy PI Controllers Applied to Electric Drives

This paper analyzes the stability of fuzzy control systems with applications for electric drives. Ensuring the stability of these systems is a necessity in practice. The purpose of the study is the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the speed control systems of electric drives based on fuzzy PI controllers in the context of performing stability analyses, both internal and input–output, finding solutions to stabilize these systems and provide guidance on fuzzy regulator design. The main methods of treatment applied are as follows: framing the control system in the theory of stability of multivariable non-linear systems, application of Lyapunov’s theory, performing an input–output stability analysis, and verification of the stability domain. The article presents the conditions for correcting the fuzzy controller to ensure internal and external stability, determines the limits of the stability sector, and gives indications for choosing the parameters of the controller. The considerations presented can be applied to various structures for regulating the speed of electric drives which use various PI fuzzy controllers.

The Determination of Pullout Parameters for Sand with a Geogrid

The concept of designing mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls is divided into internal and external stability review methods, and one of the design factors required in internal stability analysis is the frictional characteristics between soil and geogrids for civil engineering applications. Typical methods for evaluating the frictional characteristics between soil and geogrids include the direct shear test and pullout test. It is desirable to apply the pullout test to geogrid reinforcements for pulling out geogrids embedded in soil, to measure both the surface-frictional force and passive resistance at the same time. Pullout parameters can be significantly affected by confining the stress and tensile strength of reinforcements. In general, the pullout parameters tend to be overestimated for low confining stresses in the pullout test, and underestimated for high confining stresses. Therefore, to address these issues, this study aims to evaluate the influence of the confining stress and the tensile strength of a geogrid reinforcement in the pullout test, and to propose a reasonable method for obtaining practical pullout parameters. Based on the pullout tests, the maximum pullout force depending on the tensile strength of the geogrid reinforcement was measured for one-third of the reinforcement tensile strength, and it was ruptured when pullout force greater than the maximum pullout force was exerted. Furthermore, it was observed that, in the reinforcement pullout test, pullout force was measured in the whole area of the reinforcement at a confining stress smaller than one-half of the tensile strength of the grid. As a result, the effective confining stress method considering only the confining stress at which the reinforcement is fully pulled out to develop the pullout characteristics can be a practical method for obtaining pullout parameters without regard to the reinforcement tensile strength.

RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN KAZAKHSTAN: THREATS OF SPREADING AND MEANS OF OPPOSITION

Today, regional integration and globalization have added new dimensions to the problems of violence, religious extremism and terrorism that attract a lot of attention in the academic community of many counties. A polyconfessional and polyethnic state, Kazakhstan, where various trends of world religions are inevitably present, is especially aware of the problem of religious extremism. In these conditions, interconfessional relations as a guarantor of internal and external stability in our republic is one of its most important problems. This article presents the aspects related to the religious environment and threats of religious extremism in Kazakhstan and outlines feasible solutions.

The Methodology of Tax Records for the Support of Tax Management

Tax policy is associated with the use and application of taxes and their instruments, which serve to influence macroeconomic and microeconomic processes in the economy. We can derive the tax policy from the applied economic policy of the state. The objectives of economic policy are aimed in particular at strengthening the effectiveness of the market mechanism, reducing pension and property inequality, as well as strengthening the internal and external stability of the state. In securing them, the state must take into account many internal, as well as international aspects, focused not only on economic but also on political, social, defenses, ethical and other interests. The individual goals that the state sets by its economic policy can be effectively achieved through goal-oriented policies that form part of economic policy. The state’s social policy, unemployment policy, tax policy, etc. fulfil their role. These policies then have a retroactive effect on the economic policy of the state. The subject or goal of tax policy is the application of tax principles and measures so that taxes serve to promote the economic, social and political goals of the state.

Short-term analysis of internal and external CORS clocks

The International GNSS Service (IGS) provides high-accuracy clock products for both GNSS satellites and stations. On board of each GNSS satellite are located 3–4 atomic oscillators. In the case of CORS oscillators, the majority of them are equipped with internal oscillators and a part uses external, high-rate clocks. In the IGS network there are four types of external oscillators: quartz, rubidium, caesium and H-maser. These CORS are often reference stations for precise GNSS measurements or for time transfer. In this paper the author provides analyses of the internal and external stability of the reference stations oscillators via the usage of Allan variations. The results show a strong advantage of the external clocks over internal ones by about five orders of magnitude.

Assessing the Effectiveness of the Central Bank of Iraq in Managing Foreign Reserves (2005-2017)

The management of foreign reserves is an important issue because achieving an appropriate and secure level of these reserves contributes to maintaining internal and external stability by ensuring stability in the general level of prices and maintaining the value of the local currency to prevent the flight of capital abroad. In addition to its role in the face of shocks and external crises. That is, the size of the safe reserves is considered the safety valve for the economy towards the internal and external crises that the economy can face. The research proved the effectiveness of the Central Bank of Iraq in the management of foreign reserves for the period (2005-2017) by achieving two objectives at the same time, which is to maintain adequate and appropriate size of these reserves in accordance with international standards and indicators adopted on the one hand, in addition to maintaining the stability of the general level of prices and reducing inflation rates , Through the stability of the local currency exchange rate, which is one of the indicators of economic stability, on the other.

Assessing the Effectiveness of the Central Bank of Iraq in Managing Foreign Reserves (2005-2017)

The management of foreign reserves is an important issue because achieving an appropriate and secure level of these reserves contributes to maintaining internal and external stability by ensuring stability in the general level of prices and maintaining the value of the local currency to prevent the flight of capital abroad. In addition to its role in the face of shocks and external crises. That is, the size of the safe reserves is considered the safety valve for the economy towards the internal and external crises that the economy can face. The research proved the effectiveness of the Central Bank of Iraq in the management of foreign reserves for the period (2005-2017) by achieving two objectives at the same time, which is to maintain adequate and appropriate size of these reserves in accordance with international standards and indicators adopted on the one hand, in addition to maintaining the stability of the general level of prices and reducing inflation rates , Through the stability of the local currency exchange rate, which is one of the indicators of economic stability, on the other.

Assessment of the Ukrainian economy in 2000–2015 based on the macroeconomic stabilization pentagon (MSP) model

The main task of the article is to assess the development process of the macroeconomic stabilization in Ukraine during 1997–2016. The work shows the results of author’s own research, carried out using the method of tools given by director of Finance Institute in Warsaw, Professor of Economics Kolodko. This method is based on the assessment of five key macroeconomic indices: GDP rate growth, unemployment rate, inflation rate, state budget balance to GDP, balance of current turnovers to GDP. The results of calculations show that macroeconomic stability level, which is higher than 0.5 was demonstrated by the country only during 1999–2007, and during this period general internal and external stability is kept. Based on the macroeconomic predictions of GDP rate growth, unemployment rate, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and on the data extrapolation of consumer price index, state budget balance, current account balance, Ukraine’s MSP profile for 2018–2020 was constructed.