Bases of animal health economics

The importance of studying the economic impact of animal health on the livestock industry, the veterinary service and the economic and food security of the country as a whole has long been recognized worldwide. The article substantiates the structured components of animal health. Each of the components and individual features are considered. Animal health economics has the following components: economics of planning veterinary measures, management and financing of the state veterinary service, analysis of animal health policy. Although economics and epizootology together with the organization of veterinary business are separate branches of knowledge, but their association forms the same economics of animal health, which provides effective management of animal health, forms a policy of financing the veterinary service at various levels and financing anti-epizootic measures. as well as analysis of animal health policy analysis.

Cost-effectiveness of AI in medicine from a clinical, technical, and economic perspective: A scoping review and a framework of analysis (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Research and Development (R&D) of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medicine involve clinical, technical and economic aspects. Better understanding the relationship between these dimensions seems necessary to coordinate efforts of R&D among stakeholders. OBJECTIVE To assess systematically existing literature on the cost-effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from a clinical, technical and economic perspective. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to study the cost-effectiveness of AI solutions and summarised within a scoping framework of health policy analysis developed to study clinical, technical and economic dimensions. RESULTS Of the 4820 eligible studies, 13 met the inclusion criteria. Internal medicine and emergency medicine were the most studied clinical disciplines. Technical R&D aspects have not been uniformly disclosed in the studies we analysed. Monetisation aspects such as payment models assumed have not been reported in the majority of cases. CONCLUSIONS Existing scientific literature on the cost-effectiveness of AI currently does not allow to draw conclusive recommendations. Further research and improved reporting on technical and economic aspects seem necessary to assess potential use-cases of this technology, as well as to secure reproducibility of results. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable

Case study of the beneficiary group distribution of curative care expenditure based on SHA 2011 in Xinjiang autonomous region, China

BackgroundThe System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011) assists in health policy analysis and health expenditure comparison at the international level. Based on SHA 2011, this study analysed the distribution of beneficiary groups of curative care expenditure (CCE) in Xinjiang, to present suggestions for developing health policies.MethodsA total of 160 health institutions were selected using the multistage stratified random sampling method. An analysis of the agewise CCE distribution, institutional flow, and disease distribution was then performed based on the SHA 2011 accounting framework.ResultsIn 2016, the CCE in Xinjiang was ¥50.05 billion, accounting for 70.18% of current health expenditure and 6.66% of the gross domestic product. The per capita CCE was ¥2366.56. The CCE was distributed differently across age groups, with the highest spending on people over the age of 65 years. The CCE was highest for diseases of the circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems. Most of the expenditure was incurred in hospitals and, to a lesser extent, in primary healthcare institutions. Family health expenditure, especially on children aged 14 years and below, accounted for a relatively high proportion of the CCE.ConclusionSHA 2011 was used to capture data, which was then analysed according to the newly added beneficiary dimension. The findings revealed that the use of medical resources is low, the scale of primary medical institutions needs to be significantly expanded and there is a need to optimise the CCE financing scheme. Therefore, the health policymaking department should optimise the relevant policies and improve the efficiency of health services.

Introduction to the Special Issue on "Analysing the Politics of Health Policy Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The HPA Fellowship Programme 2017-2019"

This special issue presents a set of seven Health Policy Analysis (HPA) papers that offer new perspectives on health policy decision-making and implementation. They present primary empirical work from four countries in Asia and Africa, as well as reviews of literature about a wider range of low- and middle-income country (LMIC) experience.

Cultivating Health Policy Analysis and Communication Skills in Undergraduate Public Health Education: An Active Learning Approach

Public health programs are increasingly offering health policy content to meet workforce demand for public health professionals with health policy analysis and communication skills. Undergraduate public health education in health policy and related curriculum is lacking. Existing work describes service- and experiential learning approaches, which may not be feasible in large courses or public health programs with limited administrative or financial resources. This article describes health policy curriculum, learning objectives, and course activities (i.e., individual writing assignment, mock policy debate, and policy analysis exercise) that integrate an active learning approach and use simulation to develop policy analysis and communication skills in an undergraduate classroom setting. An active learning approach can increase teaching effectiveness, critical thinking, peer interaction, and student engagement to cultivate these applied skills. The described curriculum has been used in various modalities (in-person, hybrid, and remote) with positive reception in a public research university with a high percentage of first-generation college students. Student course evaluations and an independent assessment of the policy analysis exercise reflect high student interest, engagement, problem solving, satisfaction, perceived benefits, and application of policy analysis and communication skills, providing support for teaching health policy curriculum to undergraduate students using an active learning approach. The discussion includes strategies to address resistance by public health instructors and students to using active learning techniques.