Human TRIM5α: Autophagy Connects Cell-Intrinsic HIV-1 Restriction and Innate Immune Sensor Functioning

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persists as a global health concern, with an incidence rate of approximately 2 million, and estimated global prevalence of over 35 million. Combination antiretroviral treatment is highly effective, but HIV-1 patients that have been treated still suffer from chronic inflammation and residual viral replication. It is therefore paramount to identify therapeutically efficacious strategies to eradicate viral reservoirs and ultimately develop a cure for HIV-1. It has been long accepted that the restriction factor tripartite motif protein 5 isoform alpha (TRIM5α) restricts HIV-1 infection in a species-specific manner, with rhesus macaque TRIM5α strongly restricting HIV-1, and human TRIM5α having a minimal restriction capacity. However, several recent studies underscore human TRIM5α as a cell-dependent HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on human TRIM5α and propose a novel conceptualization of TRIM5α as a restriction factor with a varied portfolio of antiviral functions, including mediating HIV-1 degradation through autophagy- and proteasome-mediated mechanisms, and acting as a viral sensor and effector of antiviral signaling. We have also expanded on the protective antiviral roles of autophagy and outline the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation to intervene in chronic HIV-1 infection.

Scalable solution-phase epitaxial growth of symmetry-mismatched heterostructures on two-dimensional crystal soft template

Epitaxial heterostructures with precisely controlled composition and electronic modulation are of central importance for electronics, optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, and catalysis. In general, epitaxial material growth requires identical or nearly identical crystal structures with small misfit in lattice symmetry and parameters and is typically achieved by vapor-phase depositions in vacuum. We report a scalable solution-phase growth of symmetry-mismatched PbSe/Bi2Se3 epitaxial heterostructures by using two-dimensional (2D) Bi2Se3 nanoplates as soft templates. The dangling bond–free surface of 2D Bi2Se3 nanoplates guides the growth of PbSe crystal without requiring a one-to-one match in the atomic structure, which exerts minimal restriction on the epitaxial layer. With a layered structure and weak van der Waals interlayer interaction, the interface layer in the 2D Bi2Se3 nanoplates can deform to accommodate incoming layer, thus functioning as a soft template for symmetry-mismatched epitaxial growth of cubic PbSe crystal on rhombohedral Bi2Se3 nanoplates. We show that a solution chemistry approach can be readily used for the synthesis of gram-scale PbSe/Bi2Se3 epitaxial heterostructures, in which the square PbSe (001) layer forms on the trigonal/hexagonal (0001) plane of Bi2Se3 nanoplates. We further show that the resulted PbSe/Bi2Se3 heterostructures can be readily processed into bulk pellet with considerably suppressed thermal conductivity (0.30 W/m·K at room temperature) while retaining respectable electrical conductivity, together delivering a thermoelectric figure of merit ZT three times higher than that of the pristine Bi2Se3 nanoplates at 575 K. Our study demonstrates a unique epitaxy mode enabled by the 2D nanocrystal soft template via an affordable and scalable solution chemistry approach. It opens up new opportunities for the creation of diverse epitaxial heterostructures with highly disparate structures and functions.

Guest Editorial

<p> It is with great anticipation and excitement that we launch the first edition of the Irish Journal of Paramedicine. The Irish College of Paramedics (ICoP) are sincerely grateful to the Editor, Mr. Alan Batt, for this initiative and for his invitation to participate in this, the first Irish journal for national and international pre-hospital practitioners.</p><p> The Irish College of Paramedics, like our regulatory body the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (PHECC), has identified research in pre-hospital care as a central and important objective. In furthering our role as a professional body ICoP believe research by pre-hospital practitioners is essential to developing the profession. Like many other healthcare professions, paramedicine needs to develop a culture of research to contribute to the improvements in guidelines, culture, ethics and practice so as to impact positively on our patients whilst promoting this evolving profession.</p><p>Research in the pre-hospital arena is sparse and there is an immediate need to contribute to this important field. This past decade has seen some improvement in the amount of reputable journals focused on pre-hospital care exclusively and these are very much welcomed. Indeed these journals, to their credit, encourage submissions from paramedics and other pre-hospital practitioners, students and related faculty.</p><p>The Australasian Journal of Paramedicine has really set the standard and paramedic profession has benefitted from their innovative approach to publishing. This model allows contributions from those practitioners interested in publishing, some for the first time. The net benefit is a varied and interesting cross section of literature from many core and peripheral fields of paramedicine.</p><p>The Irish Journal of Paramedicine will have a similar ethos and I know the entire approach has the ability to contribute positively to our profession. The fact too that this journal is ‘open access’ will also allow for minimal restriction of articles and maximum exposure to authors. I am honoured to be part of the editorial team whilst amazed at the international mix of experience in this team.</p><p>I hope the launch of the Irish Journal of Paramedicine will encourage all those members of our community interested in publishing to contribute through direct submission and that we all support this outstanding initiative.</p><p>A journal dedicated to promoting and advancing the science of pre-hospital care and all things related, has the full support of the Irish College of Paramedics. We are delighted to make the Irish Journal of Paramedicine the official journal of the Irish College of Paramedics and we wish Alan and the entire team all the very best.</p><p>Thank you Alan.</p><p>Shane Knox PhD MSc HDip AssocCIPD Cert.Mgt MCPara</p><p>President of the Irish College of Paramedics</p><p> </p>

Neer Modified Inferior Capsular Shift Procedure for Recurrent Anterior Instability of the Shoulder in Judokas

Background Little has been written about the operative repair of recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder in a single sport: in this case, Judo. Purpose The clinical efficacy of the Neer modified inferior capsular shift as an open procedure for injured judokas was investigated. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Fifty athletes (42 male and 8 female, 52 shoulders) took part in this study. The average age at surgery was 20 years (range, 14-38 years), and the mean follow-up period was 61 months (range, 24-172 months). The operation was performed on 29 tsurité (a lapel grip) shoulders and on 23 hikité (a sleeve grip) shoulders. The 2 grips are functionally and technically different from each other. Results Three cases of shoulder instability (5.8%) recurred after surgery. The average loss of external rotation was 9.6° with the arm at the side and 11.6° with the arm in 90° of abduction. The average Rowe and UCLA scores were 37.3 and 20.8 points preoperatively and 86.7 and 32.4 points at the final follow-up, respectively (P < .05). The return rate to the near-preinjury sports activity levels (>90% recovery: grades 1 and 2) was significantly lower in the tsurité shoulders (48.1%) than in the hikité shoulders (85.7%). Conclusion The overall recovery of more than 90% of preinjury activity levels in judo was 65% after modified inferior capsular shift for traumatic anterior instability of the shoulder. The tsurité shoulder should be treated with minimal restriction limitation in external rotation so that it is not limited postoperatively.