Pharmacopeial aspects of preparation of infusions and decoctions in pharmacies

An analytical review of pharmacopoeial aspects of preparation of infusions and decoctions in pharmacies is presented. The aim of this work is to conduct a comparative analysis of pharmacopoeial requirements for the technology of infusions and decoctions in pharmacies. Materials and methods of the research. Comparative analysis of pharmacopoeial requirements was performed using methods of systematic and structural-logical analysis. Results and discussions. It was found that in many pharmacopoeias (European, British, Italian, French, Czech, Kazakh) there are no instructions on the pharmacy technology of these dosage forms. Only the pharmacopoeias of Japan, Austria, Belarus and Russia contain separate monographs on the extemporaneous preparation of infusions and decoctions. After analyzing these monographs, it was found that the definition of infusions and decoctions as a dosage form differs. It was found that the Japanese Pharmacopoeia regulates the preliminary preparation of medicinal plant raw materials (soaking for 5 minutes in water), in other pharmacopoeias there is no such requirement. When conducting a comparative analysis of the technology of preparation of infusions and decoctions, we observe that the ratio of medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM) and extractant and extraction modes differ. Conclusions. An analytical review of pharmacopoeial aspects of preparation of infusions and decoctions in pharmacies is presented. A comparative analysis of the requirements for technology and quality control of infusions and decoctions in accordance with pharmacopoeial articles revealed both different and similar information. The results of the research showed that despite the differences in the structures of articles and names, as well as approaches to the definition of this dosage form, some requirements are similar (particle size of MPRM). The differences that were found include the ratio of MPRM and extractant, extraction modes. Taking into account the data of the analysis and the existing national requirements, the authors proposed a draft general pharmacopoeial article “Infusions and decoctions made in pharmacies”.

Design Agriculture Robot (Agribot) for Soil Monitoring and Water Monitoring

This project presentation and approach for Agricultural robot (Agri-Bot) for soil monitoring and water monitoring to integrated with computer vision web services and mobile services. The aim of this project is to increase the agricultural sector in large extent. It focus on pharmacy technology that they can approach increase the productivity. We normally used microcontroller and computer subsystems. This project will help farmers to grow for prosperous country. Particularly some advanced technologies had being used India An Atmospheric Water Generator. It is based on condensation technology that extract water from atmosphere or humidity in air. The condensed water is purified by some filters including carbon and reverse osmosis and UV sterilization light. The results is pure drinking water from air. The technology is work on the principle of refrigerators and conditioners. In India new soil moisture sensors are designed based on theoretical basis and analysis of the dielectric constant characteristics of soil. By using this sensor, it is easier to find the moisture of soil i.e. low or high moisture. Without sensor it is impossible to understand that how much of water is given to plants.

Pharmacy Technology to Better Public Health

Healthcare access and delivery faces significant global and local challenges. This article aimed to explore the public's use of pharmacy services and aimed to obtain 200 completed surveys across eight districts of Bristol, UK, from non-registered pharmacy premises. Respondents reported as follows: 1) ability to order a repeat prescription (79.47%), 2) ability to collect a repeat prescription (72.63%), 3) ability to collect an acute prescription (66.84%), ability to purchase over the counter (OTC) medicines (59.79%), 4) followed by asking for specific advice on prescription medicines (48.42%), and 5) minor ailments (44.15%). Respondents had used the pharmacy at least once for collecting a repeat prescription for a routine medication (59.47%) or acute prescription (55.79%) and for buying OTC medicines (47.89%). Majority of respondents never approached a community pharmacist to specifically ask advice on medicines (51.32%). Participants had not ever approached a community pharmacist for minor ailment/health advice (71.58%).

Do Latin American universities engage industry in the scientific publication? A bibliometrics approach through Scopus

The main objective of this work is to determine the collaboration level of Latin American universities with companies in terms of scientific co-authorship, and to identify the main institutions involved in these collaborations. To do this, all publications from 2009 to 2018 with at least one co-author belonging to each of 20 Latin American countries, and another co-author affiliated to a company, were extracted from Elsevier’s Scival (powered by Scopus data), obtaining a set of 22,469 records, from which 1,531 companies (both of public and private nature) and 428 Latin American universities were identified. Despite publications co-authored by universities and companies are highly-cited, results evidence low percentages of academic collaboration between Latin American universities and companies over the period. Just few firms (mainly from Pharmacy, Technology and Petroleum markets) have established strong connections with few universities, mainly from Brazil, whose performance masks the remaining minor linkages established in other countries. Otherwise, the presence of publicly-traded companies (e.g., Petrobras, Agrosavia, Embrapa, YPF or Petróleos Mexicanos) is also remarkable. The establishment of stable public policies aimed at promoting and strengthening University-Industry relations in the region, and based on the integration and regulation of these actions in the researcher's activities, is recommended.

Learning good manufacturing practices in an escape room: Validation of a new pedagogical tool

Introduction Chemotherapies are handled using Good Manufacturing Practices, which ensure asepsis and high-quality production. Continuous education is compulsory and usually includes theoretical and practical exercises. Objectives This work aimed to validate an innovative method of teaching good manufacturing practices based on an escape room mixing simulation and gaming. Method Pairs of learners were locked in a simulated clean room (Esclean Room) and had 1 hour to produce a chemotherapy and escape by finding solutions to 23 “Good Manufacturing Practices mysteries” linked to combination locks. To measure the experiment’s impact on teaching, questionnaires including the 23 mysteries (in different orders) were filled in before, just after and one month after escape from the Esclean Room. Pharmacy staff’ degrees of certainty were noted for each question. A satisfaction survey was completed. Results Seventy-two learners (29% senior pharmacists, 14% junior pharmacists, and 57% pharmacy technicians) escaped the Esclean Room and 56 answered every questionnaire. The educational intervention resulted in increases in correct answers and certainty. Correct answers rose from 57% in the first questionnaire to 80% in the third ( p < 0.001). Certainty scores rose from 50% before the experiment to 70% one month afterwards ( p < 0.001). Despite 68% of learners having never taken part in an escape room game before, 79% liked this educational method. Conclusion This study built and tested a pedagogical escape room involving a high risk, professional, pharmacy process. The use of this pharmacy technology simulation had a positive impact on pharmacy staff theoretical knowledge.

Pharmacy Technology to Better Public Health

Healthcare access and delivery faces significant global and local challenges. This article aimed to explore the public's use of pharmacy services and aimed to obtain 200 completed surveys across eight districts of Bristol, UK, from non-registered pharmacy premises. Respondents reported as follows: 1) ability to order a repeat prescription (79.47%), 2) ability to collect a repeat prescription (72.63%), 3) ability to collect an acute prescription (66.84%), ability to purchase over the counter (OTC) medicines (59.79%), 4) followed by asking for specific advice on prescription medicines (48.42%), and 5) minor ailments (44.15%). Respondents had used the pharmacy at least once for collecting a repeat prescription for a routine medication (59.47%) or acute prescription (55.79%) and for buying OTC medicines (47.89%). Majority of respondents never approached a community pharmacist to specifically ask advice on medicines (51.32%). Participants had not ever approached a community pharmacist for minor ailment/health advice (71.58%).