A Distributed Energy Transaction Method Based on Blockchain

Aiming at the multi-agent, multi-mode and multi-rule characteristics of the distributed energy trading market,a distributed energy trading method based on blockchain is proposed. In view of the randomness and volatility of distributed energy, the use of the decentralized characteristics of blockchain technology meets the needs of distributed energy market transactions; in order to improve the reliability of the distributed energy transaction process, it is proposed to use smart contracts to separate the transaction and the communication process between the blockchain and the energy fund account; with the help of Ethereum’s “Raiden Network”, this “off-chain transaction” method, frequent and efficient transactions are carried out, realizing the “tripartite” of distributed energy producers, grid institutions and users “win-win” to promote the opening and healthy development of the distributed energy market.

Volatility Transmission from Equity, Bulk Shipping, and Commodity Markets to Oil ETF and Energy Fund—A GARCH-MIDAS Model

Oil continues to be a major source of world energy, but oil prices and funds have experienced high volatility over the last decade. This study applies the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-mixed-data sampling (GARCH-MIDAS) model on data spanning 1 July 2014 to 30 April 2020 to examine volatility transmission from the equity, bulk shipping, commodity, currency, and crude oil markets to the United States Oil Fund (USO) and BlackRock World Energy Fund A2 (BGF). By dividing the sample into two subsamples, we find a significant volatility transmission from the equity market to the oil ETF and energy fund both before and after the 2018 U.S.–China trade war. The volatility transmission from the bulk shipping, commodity, and crude oil markets turns significant for the oil ETF and energy fund after the 2018 U.S.–China trade war, extending into the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. The results suggest that investors can use the equity market to predict the movement of oil and energy funds during both tranquil and turmoil periods. Moreover, investors can use bulk shipping, commodity, and crude oil markets in addition to the equity market to forecast oil and energy funds’ volatility during the turmoil periods. This paper benefits investors against the high volatility of the energy funds.

Energy market: general theory legal regulation

Energy markets are an organizational and economic mechanism that ensures the functioning of the sphere of circulation of energy resources, organized according to the laws of commodity production. Energy is nothing more than a material carrier of the energy transferred in the process of planning of activity of subjects of FEC fuel and energy balances of fuel as a unit of measurement of the amount of energy in a particular energy resource. Economic relations for the supply of energy resources are formed in two main forms‑supply through the connected network and supply. In energy and gas supply, the phase of energy circulation in time essentially coincides with the phase of its production, which determines the direct impact and determining influence of the mode of energy consumption on the mode of its production. The expansion of the sphere of circulation to the sphere of consumption leads to the fact that the consumption of energy resources itself becomes an «act of trade». The consumer purchases an energy resource with an easement of participation directly by the state (state agencies) or commercial energy supply organizations in its use. The form of such participation is operational dispatch management carried out by the specified bodies in the energy sector. The unified energy Fund of the Russian Federation and energy funds of other levels are property economic and legal entities, economic and legal institutions, the existence of which can become a significant argument in favor of energy law as an independent industry.The interconnection of transmission and consumption of energy resources with the latter’s defining role in the conditions of centralized operational dispatch management of the supply regime gives a synergistic effect in the form of organic interaction of public and private law relations in relations on energy supply.The specificity of public‑legal relations in the field of energy supply consists in their «introduction» into private‑law relations, to the extent of organic interaction and functioning as a whole.

Uganda energy moves pose risks for the president

Subject Political economy of energy in Uganda. Significance After 20 years of growth averaging 8% per annum, the Ugandan economy has begun to falter. In July, the IMF reported that 2016-17 growth had slowed to 3.9%. Both the IMF and Museveni agree that further investment in infrastructure -- especially energy infrastructure -- will help to alleviate the current pressures. However, recent experience suggests that such investments are not without risks. Impacts Controversies related to the Bujagali dam will raise concerns over the viability of other hydro-electric projects. The depletion of the national ‘Energy Fund’ will reduce the government’s ability to mitigate the impact of shocks in the sector. Reduced investor confidence will undermine Uganda’s attempts to kickstart oil production.