Amino Acids and Minerals in Fresh and Processed Catfish, Mackerel and Pork

The main tissue of meat is the muscle and it is a very rich source of amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and leucine) and some minerals like magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium. In this study, essential amino acid profile in fresh catfish, mackerel, pork and their processed products were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Minerals were determined in the form of cation (magnesium, calcium, potassium, ammonium and sodium) and anion (fluorine, chlorine, Nitrate, Sulphate and phosphate) by Cadmium.mtw and ASUP5 – 100 marvin.mtw respectively. The most abundant amino acids determined were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, methionine and threonine which were found in catfish, mackerel and pork. Values observed were higher (p<0.05) in catfish and mackerel than pork. Fresh catfish and mackerel recorded higher values in most of the amino acids in both raw product and their frankfurters (CF and MF) than fresh pork. Sulphate values were also higher (p<0.05) in raw meat than their frankfurters. Higher level of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium were observed in processed pork frankfurter than fresh pork. Minerals such as calcium and sodium were present but are at a smaller quantity in meat.

Experimental budgets of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals during the JULIAC 2019 campaign

&lt;p&gt;The J&amp;#252;lich Atmospheric Chemistry Project campaign (JULIAC) was performed using the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum J&amp;#252;lich (FZJ), Germany. Ambient air was continuously drawn into the chamber through a 50m high inlet line for one month in each season throughout 2019. The residence time of air inside the chamber was one hour. As the sampling point is surrounded by a mixed deciduous forest and is located close to a small&amp;#8211;size city (J&amp;#252;lich), the sampled air was influenced by both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. Measurements included hydroxyl radical (OH) achieved by laser induced fluorescence (LIF) instrument that implemented a newly implemented chemical modulation reactor (CMR) and by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Measurement of both instruments were in good agreement within about 10% and showed no evidence of unknown OH interferences. In addition to OH, hydroxyl and peroxy radicals (HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and RO&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt; respectively), and OH reactivity (k&lt;sub&gt;OH&lt;/sub&gt;, inverse of the OH lifetime) were measured together with a comprehensive set of trace gases concentrations and aerosol properties, allowing for the investigation of the seasonal and diurnal variation of atmospheric oxidant concentrations and their roles in the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and contribution to secondary pollutants (ozone and particles).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The experimental budget analyses of OH, HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, RO&lt;sub&gt;2, &lt;/sub&gt;and RO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; radical production and destruction rate will be presented for the campaigns in spring and summer (April and August). For most conditions, the concentrations of radicals were sustained by regeneration of HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and RO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; radicals via reactions with nitric oxide (NO). The highest radical turnover rates of up to 17 ppbv&amp;#183;hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; was observed during a heat wave period in August. For NO levels below 1ppbv, the budget shows a missing OH radical source up to 4 ppbv h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, while HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and RO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; production&lt;sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;and destruction rates were balanced. Above 2 ppbv of NO, missing HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; production and RO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; loss paths with rates of up to 5 ppbv h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; were found. In addition, the dataset allows for a detail examination of the importance of radical production and destruction processes from isomerization reactions, HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; uptake on aerosol, chlorine nitrate chemistry.&lt;/p&gt;

(Waste) Water quality sensor requirement and (too) high standards

&lt;p&gt;Today in the water sector there are many methods for generating values in big databases. Everything should be connected in the cloud and everyone should access everything anytime. The data is changing very fast in every level and layer and should be controlled anytime. For better quality more methods in measuring data should be applied in parallel and so improve the quality, but this point is very complicated. You can not always compare different data measured by different methods, there are a lot of other enrivonmental factors&amp;#160; in most cases. Many systems in different countries exists with a lot of methods and values (eg. ph,chlorine,nitrate,germs,pathogens,viruses,micro/nano materials(plastic,metall,glass,wood,...),minerals(salt connections,...).&lt;/p&gt;

Synchrotron radiation and long path cryogenic cells: New tools and results for modelling chlorinated compounds absorption in the 8-12µm atmospheric window

&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anusanth Anantharajah&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;, Fridolin Kwabia Tchana&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;, Jean-Marie Flaud&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; , Pascale Roy&lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; and Laurent Manceron&lt;sup&gt;b,c&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;a- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Syst&amp;#232;mes Atmosph&amp;#233;riques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, &lt;br&gt;Universit&amp;#233; de Paris et Universit&amp;#233; Paris-Est Cr&amp;#233;teil, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, &lt;br&gt;61 Avenue du G&amp;#233;n&amp;#233;ral de Gaulle, 94010 Cr&amp;#233;teil Cedex, France.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;b- Synchrotron SOLEIL, AILES Beamline, L&amp;#8217;Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin F-91192, France.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;c-&amp;#160; Sorbonne Universit&amp;#233;, CNRS, MONARIS, UMR 8233, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.&amp;#160;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nitryl chloride (ClNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and Chlorine Nitrate are molecules of great interest for atmospheric chemistry since these are produced by heterogeneous reactions, in the marine troposphere, between NaCl sea-salt aerosols or ClO and gaseous N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; [1,2], and on polar stratospheric clouds, between N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; and solid HCl [3,4].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Many high-resolution spectroscopic studies in the microwave and mid-infrared regions are available. However, these molecules present low-lying vibrational levels and thus numerous hot bands in the regions of the NOx stretching and bending mode absorptions in the 8-12 &amp;#181;m atmospheric transparency window which could serve for remote sensing and quantification of these species.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fourier Transform Spectrometry is a useful technique to observe broad band high resolution spectra (0.001 cm&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) of these molecules and a significant advantage is gained by combining interferometry with the high brightness of a synchrotron source [5]. At SOLEIL we have developed specific instrumentation to study such reactive molecules and a few results concerning chlorine-containing compounds will be presented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, M. J. Ezell, and J. N. Pitts Jr, Nature &lt;strong&gt;337&lt;/strong&gt;, 241-244 (1989).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;W. Behnke, V. Scheer, and C. Zetzsch, J. Aerosol Sci. &lt;strong&gt;24&lt;/strong&gt;, 115-116 (1993).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;. M. A. Tolbert, M. J. Rossi, and D. M. Golden, Science &lt;strong&gt;240&lt;/strong&gt;, 1018-1021 (1988).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;M. T. Leu, Geophys. Res. Lett. &lt;strong&gt;15&lt;/strong&gt;, 851-854 (1988).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&amp;#160;J-M. Flaud, A. Anantharajah, F. Kwabia Tchana, L. Manceron, J. Orphal, G. Wagner, and M. Birk, J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf &lt;strong&gt;224&lt;/strong&gt;, 217-221 (2019).&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Urine salts elucidate Early Neolithic animal management at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey

The process of sheep and goat (caprine) domestication began by 9000 to 8000 BCE in Southwest Asia. The early Neolithic site at Aşıklı Höyük in central Turkey preserves early archaeological evidence of this transformation, such as culling by age and sex and use of enclosures inside the settlement. People’s strategies for managing caprines evolved at this site over a period of 1000 years, but changes in the scale of the practices are difficult to measure. Dung and midden layers at Aşıklı Höyük are highly enriched in soluble sodium, chlorine, nitrate, and nitrate-nitrogen isotope values, a pattern we attribute largely to urination by humans and animals onto the site. Here, we present an innovative mass balance approach to interpreting these unusual geochemical patterns that allows us to quantify the increase in caprine management over a ~1000-year period, an approach that should be applicable to other arid land tells.

Chlorine nitrate in the atmosphere

This review article compiles the characteristics of the gas chlorine nitrate and discusses its role in atmospheric chemistry. Chlorine nitrate is a reservoir of both stratospheric chlorine and nitrogen. It is formed by a termolecular reaction of ClO and NO2. Sink processes include gas-phase chemistry, photo-dissociation, and heterogeneous chemistry on aerosols. The latter sink is particularly important in the context of polar spring stratospheric chlorine activation. ClONO2 has vibrational–rotational bands in the infrared, notably at 779, 809, 1293, and 1735 cm−1, which are used for remote sensing of ClONO2 in the atmosphere. Mid-infrared emission and absorption spectroscopy have long been the only concepts for atmospheric ClONO2 measurements. More recently, fluorescence and mass spectroscopic in situ techniques have been developed. Global ClONO2 distributions have a maximum at polar winter latitudes at about 20–30 km altitude, where mixing ratios can exceed 2 ppbv. The annual cycle is most pronounced in the polar stratosphere, where ClONO2 concentrations are an indicator of chlorine activation and de-activation.

Chlorine Nitrate in the Atmosphere

This review article compiles the characteristics of the gas chlorine nitrate and discusses its role in atmospheric chemistry. Chlorine nitrate is a reservoir of both stratospheric chlorine and nitrogen. It is formed by a termolecular reaction of ClO and NO2. Sink processes include gas-phase chemistry, photo-dissociation, and heterogeneous chemistry on aerosols. The latter sink is particularly important in the context of polar spring stratospheric chlorine activation. ClONO2 has vibrational-rotational bands in the infrared, notably at 779 cm−1, 809 cm−1, 1293 cm−1, and 1735 cm−1, which are used for remote sensing of ClONO2 in the atmosphere. Mid-infrared emission and absorption spectroscopy have long been the only concepts for atmospheric ClONO2 measurements. More recently, fluorescence and mass spectroscopic in situ techniques have been developed. Global ClONO2 distributions have a maximum at polar winter latitudes at about 20–30 km altitude, where mixing ratios can exceed 2 ppbv. The annual cycle is most pronounced in the polar stratosphere, where ClONO2 concentrations are an indicator of chlorine activation and de-activation.