Response of wheat cells to ferrihydrite nanoparticles under model system in vitro

High biological activity of nanoparticles (NPs) makes them promising for using in fertilizers composition. Design of such products is impossible without detection of active substance influence mechanisms on growth and development of plant as well as without detection of critical points, when influence of the investigated agent is at its maximum. Biogenic ferrihydrites (FH) are promising regulators of plant cell antioxidant system activity, also under edaphic stresses. Callus cultures are well known as convenient model system for screening of tissue and cell response to different environmental exposure. Investigation results of FH NP`s, which were produced by authors, influence on growth and development of callus culture of soft spring wheat mature wheat embryos of are presented in present article. The absence of competitive in relation to 2,4-D influence of involved levels of FH NPs (1 and 10 mg/l) on dedifferentiation process of embryo tissues was indicated. The presence of investigated agent induced the decrease of culture growth rate. However, postponed positive effect manifested in reduction of ageing rate after passing to fresh medium, the bigger, the higher had been FH NP`s level at the previous cultivation stage. The present effect may be of critical importance under field conditions under the influence of unfavorable edaphic and climatic factors, which adds further credence the potential of presented NPs applicability in agriculture.

METHODS OF TRANSCRIPTOMICS FOR CEREALS’ STUDY

Wheat is a crop that feeds millions, and its yield is determined by economic, climatic, and genetic factors. Unfortunately, the productivity of grain in fact does not always correspond to the desired result. Transcriptomics is a universal and modern method of solving complex and topical issues facing scientists for many centuries. Analysis of the expression of genes associated with the state of rest and germination of grain in wheat embryos is of great agronomic interest, since this process is directly related to the deterioration of the quality and decrease in the yield of grain before harvest. The difficulty of isolating RNA from a small amount of tissue is an obstacle to analyzing gene expression. Difficulty isolating RNA from a small amount of tissue. The developed new methods for the analysis of transcripts in an individual family make it possible to plan the creation of cultivars of agricultural crops. crops with specified traits.

Efficient DNA-free genome editing of bread wheat using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes

Substantial efforts are being made to optimize the CRISPR/Cas9 system for precision crop breeding. The avoidance of transgene integration and reduction of off-target mutations are the most important targets for optimization. Here, we describe an efficient genome editing method for bread wheat using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Starting from RNP preparation, the whole protocol takes only seven to nine weeks, with four to five independent mutants produced from 100 immature wheat embryos. Deep sequencing reveals that the chance of off-target mutations in wheat cells is much lower in RNP mediated genome editing than in editing with CRISPR/Cas9 DNA. Consistent with this finding, no off-target mutations are detected in the mutant plants. Because no foreign DNA is used in CRISPR/Cas9 RNP mediated genome editing, the mutants obtained are completely transgene free. This method may be widely applicable for producing genome edited crop plants and has a good prospect of being commercialized.