Slow rock mass deformation in the mountain side north of the Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glacier in western part of the Mýrdalsjökull glacier

<p>A large slow rock mass deformation has been detected in a mountain side north of the Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glacier, located in the western part of the Mýrdalsjökull glacier in Iceland. A group of scientist from the University of Iceland, National Land Survey and Icelandic GeoSurvey have worked on collecting data from several sources and installed monitoring equipment at the site. According to observations, which were based on comparison of DEM from aerial photographs from 1945 to 2019, the slope has been showing slow rock mass deformation since at least 1945. The rate of movements has been estimated for the period from 1945 to 2019. The data show that the total displacement since 1945 is around 200 m. The data also indicate that the deformation rate has not been constant over this time period and the data shows that the maximum deformation was between 1999 and 2004 of total of 94 m or about 19 m/year.</p><p>The mountain slope north of the Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glaciers reaches up to around 1100 m height. The head scarp of the slide, which is almost vertical, is around 2 km wide rising from about 4-500 m in the western part up to the Mýrdalsjökull glacier at 1100 m in the east. The total sliding from the head scarp down to the present day ice margin is around 1 km<sup>2</sup>. The total volume of the moving mass is not known as the sliding plane is not known, but the minimum volume might be between 100 to 200 million m<sup>3</sup>. The entire slope shows signs of displacement and is heavily fractured and broken up. A GPS station that was installed in the uppermost part of the slope in August shows that the slope is moving about 3-9 mm per day, at a constant rate since installation.</p><p>There are two main ideas of the causes for this slow rock mass deformation. One is the consequences of slope steepening by glacial erosion, followed by unloading and de-buttressing due to glacial retreat. Another proposed cause for the deformation is related to its location on the western flank of the Katla volcano. Persistent seismic activity in this area for decades may be explained by a slowly rising cryptodome, which may also explain the slope failure.</p>

Vessels and landscapes: a special reciprocity

Here was the house, its heavy walls built of the stone of the mountain, plastered over by groping hands – in feeling and material nothing but an artificial reproduction of one of the many caverns in the mountain-side. I saw that essentially all architecture of the past, whether Egyptian or Roman, was nothing but the work of a sculptor dealing with abstract forms. The architect’s attempt really was to gather and pile up masses of building material, leaving empty hollows for human use […]. The room itself was a by-product.(R. M. Schindler)By 1911, Rudolph Schindler had concluded that all architecture in the West leading up to the early twentieth century had been fixated on structure and mass, in stark contrast to the new ‘space architecture’ he championed. His dismissive categorisation of the traditional room as some kind of evolutionary relative of the cave is a reminder of the moment when a strand of Western architecture blossomed from containment into openness; from a predictable past to an exciting and uncertain future – the gift of modern architecture.

Calculating real surface area of land parcels in hilly and mountainous regions

Currently, the legal area of a land parcel in cadastral map is defined as the projected area of the parcel on a map plane. However, in practice, the real surface area of parcels plays important role for land use. In plain regions, the differences between real and legal areas of parcels are negligible, but in hilly and mountainous regions, these differences are significant and must be accounted in land management. In this paper, the authors had proposed a method for calculating real surface area of land parcels using GIS and data extracted from digital elevation models. The method was verified against Vietnam’s standard on cadastral map by using a simulated land parcel that is a part of a sphere, and got positive results. The method is then applied for calculating surface area of more than 2000 land parcels in Tien Xuan Commune, Thach That District, Hanoi City. The obtained results showed that the differences between real and legal areas of land parcels can reach a value of 23% for forestry land at mountain side with slope of more than 30o. In whole Tien Xuan Commune, these differences have an average value of 2.4%.

Аж богдын нурууны физик газарзүйн тодорхойлолт

Mountain Aj Bogd is one of branch mountains the mount systems Mongol Altai, which is located at the middle part of Mongol Altai mountain. Mountain Aj Bogd is similar with surface typology, deposits, form relief, erosion and accumulation process, mountain side, dissection, age and land­scape of main mountains of Mongol Altai. Aj Bogd Mountain is a mounting system had existed which surrounding by valleys and depressions and related by kotal and pass from the main ridge of the Mongolian Altai mountains. The Aj Bogd Mountain segregated to the east by Gobi Khonin Us, to the north from the mountain Khubch by pass Zoolin Bogd and the Mongol Altai mountain by depressions of Alag lake, to the west from mountains Ikh Tayan by dale of the Tuhum,Tooroi, to the south by Nomingiin gobi. The highest peak of this mountain Aj Bogd is 3093.3 m high above the sea level. The relief and peak of a mountain is mostly cupola or plane shaped because of in longest time weathered by wind and water.

Settings

The starting point for chapter 4 is a Sasanian rock relief carved into the mountain-side at Tāq-e Bostān in western Iran. This relief appears to show Mithra blessing the transition of power from the Persian King of Kings Shapur II to his successor Ardashir II (r. 379–383). As such, it is the only Sasanian rock relief to include an image of Mithra (Mihr in the Middle Persian language). Each figure in the scene is unlabelled, however, and each figure has received numerous identifications. This chapter explores the significance of these identifications for our understanding of Mithra’s worship during the Sasanian period, and the wider implications for the history of Zoroastrianism. In particular, the chapter addresses how, if at all, we can reconcile images with our far more abundant yet scattered textual sources.

БУРХАН БУУДАЙН НУРУУНЫ ФИЗИК ГАЗАРЗҮЙН ТОДОРХОЙЛОЛТ

Mountain Burkhan Buudai is one of the mountain systems of Mongol Altai, which is located at the end part of Mongol Altai mountain. Mountain Burkhan Buudai is similar with surface typology, deposits, relief form, erosion and accumlation proccess, mountain side, dissection, age and landscape of main mountains of Mongol Altai.The mountain Burkhan Buudai segregated to the east by Biger’s depression, to the north from mountain of Bumban Ulaan by valley Chachran river to the west from main mountains Altai by valley of the Sagsaa river to the south by kotal and valley of Dut from mountain Sair and Taskhir Khaalga. The highest peak this mountain Burkhan Buudai uul 3093.3 m high above the sea level. The relief of mountain and peak of a mountain is mostly cupola or plane shaped because of in longest time weathered by wind and water.

Analysis of a Mountain Side Slope Stability Based on Seepage

The soil physical mechanics parameters of a mountain side slope were gained upon field investigation and indoor rock mechanics tests. After that, Slide software and Geostudio software were adopted to make the mountain side slope seepage field analysis and side slope stability analysis based on seepage. At the end, the preliminary treatment scheme of the mountain side slope anchorage was proposed.