Admirative Category with an Assessment of Possibility and Motivation in Russian and Persian Interrogative Sentences

In Russian and Persian, the category of indirect evidentiality points out to some unreliable source of information. The category of admirativity expresses unexpected and new information gained by the speaker. Such interrogative sentences convey combine admirativity with diff erent modal meanings. Foreign students of Russian often fi nd it hard to distinguish these meanings in Russian interrogative sentences. The authors compared Russian and Persian interrogative sentences and the linguistics tools that refl ect the admirative category with an assessment of modal meanings of possibility and motivation. This is the fi rst research of the category of admirativity in the Persian language and the fi rst publication on the comparison of Russian and Persian interrogative sentences, as well as on the relationship between admirativity and modal meanings in Russian and Persian interrogative sentences. The research objective was to perform a comparative analysis of admirativity in Russian and Persian interrogative sentences and to study the situations in which this meaning conveys the surprise of the speaker from the availability or lack of possibility to perform a certain action. In both languages, admirativity can accompany the feeling of motivation in the subject of the speech act. The findings can be useful in teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Midfoot Scale

Background The use of a valid and reliable outcome scoring system is crucial for evaluating the result of different treatment interventions. The aims of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot scoring system into the Persian language and assess its validity and reliability. Method In total, 57 patients with midfoot injuries were enrolled. Forward-backward translation and cultural adaptation methods were used to develop the Persian version of AOFAS midfoot scoring system. Reliability and internal consistency were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha. The discriminant and convergent validities of the scoring system were assessed using the total score of the mental and physical component of SF-36. Results The mean age of the participants was 46.2 ± 16.3 years. The intra-observer reliability of the totals core of the Persian version of AOFAS midfoot scoring system was 0.96 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-0.97) and the inter-observer reliability of the scoring system was 0.90 (CI: 0.86-0.95). The Persian version of AOFAS midfoot scoring system had acceptable convergence with physical component scoring system of SF-36 and its subscales (0.57); moreover, it had acceptable discriminant validity with the mental component of SF-36 and its subscales (0.36). Conclusion The Persian version of AOFAS midfoot is a reliable and valid instrument and could be used by Persian language clinicians and researchers. Level of Clinical Evidence: 3

A Comparative Study of Dari Persian and English Language Consonant Sounds

This research article compares the consonant sounds of English and Dari Persian language in terms of state of larynx, place and manner of articulation. This research article aims to determine similarities and differences between the consonant systems of English and Dari Persian language which can be useful for teachers and learners of both languages, especially in listening and speaking skills. In this research article, the qualitative method has been used to find similar and different consonant sounds. In this research article, it was found out that eighteen consonants are similar in between, two consonant sounds are slightly similar, 4 English consonants are not present in Dari Persian, and 3 Dari Persian consonants are not present in English language. It is believed that one’s mother tongue obviously has influence on second or foreign language. That is, one’s own language pronunciation habits are so strong that they are extremely difficult to break. On the other hand, mispronouncing the sounds in spoken language can cause miscommunication or misunderstanding. Therefore, this research article can help teachers and learners of English with Dari Persian as the first language and vice versa to maintain effective and meaningful communication while listening and speaking with more focus on the sounds which are different between the first and the second or foreign language.

Educational System and Institutions in Persian Civilization: An Historical Description and its Impacts on Present Iran

Persian civilization had its rich culture since the pre-Islamic era. It left its impacts on those areas where the Persian language had adopted like contemporary India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Tajikistan, and the Central Asian States. Its pre and post-Islamic educational system-generated hundreds of scholars which are well-nominated all over the world along with their inventions, philosophies, literature, and poetry. This article highlights an educational system in the Persian civilization since 2500 BC. Educational institutions before the conquest of Islam and post-Islamic changing patterns in it are going to be discussed in this article. There is also a focus upon educational institutions in modern Iran before the Islamic Revolution of 1979 that became the reason for the end of Pehlavi dynasty. Its hypothesis is that the present socio-economic and political development in Iran is a reason to strengthen the educational system that is protecting Persian civilization for centuries. The research is based on theoretically and historically descriptive, analytical, comparative, and qualitative and methods. The data is collected from books, research journals, newspapers, internet interviews, results of different dissertations, and personal visits to Iran in which attending several seminars, workshops, and training classes including visiting several universities and Research Centers in Qom and Tehran

The Persian Language Version of the Obsession With the COVID-19 Scale for Adolescents

Objective: The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused significant public health burdens and psychological dysfunctions. In this challenging time, adolescents require special care. The Persian version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) for adolescents was developed to screen for dysfunctional obsession associated with the coronavirus during the global pandemic. The structure and internal consistency of the OCS were established.Design and Measures: Although there are different language versions of the OCS, this is the first study to validate the psychometric properties of the OCS in Iranian adolescents. Seven hundred and nine students (369 girls) participated in the study. Demographic questions and the OCS were administered.Results: The findings provided support for the existence of a unidimensional structure that met the criteria for configural, metric, and full scalar invariance across gender (girls and boys), inhabitancy (urban and rural), and infection experience (infected and non-infected). The OCS is short and highly reliable measurement. However, further research is necessary to establish the validity of the scale in Iranian population.Conclusions: The development of such valid scales is an essential part of both research and practice during times of crisis, like a global pandemic. Diagnosis of pandemic related to obsessive thoughts in adolescents is needed as the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and as experts point out, it can be expected that the effects of the pandemic will be observed in the coming years. The Persian version makes it possible to conduct international comparative research on the anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reading Nineteenth-Century Persian Histories from the Caucasus

This essay examines six Persian-language historical works that were produced in the Caucasus during the nineteenth century. These works have conventionally gone unnoticed due to the language of composition and the predominant approach to the region as a Russian imperial province. Interestingly, these texts bear the mark of the Afsharid period, and demonstrate a marked interest in the figure of Nader Shah. They demonstrate that the Safavid collapse and the subsequent developments of the eighteenth century had an important impact on conceptions of political legitimacy in the Caucasus. They also suggest that the birth of new local Persianate historiographical traditions in the region should not only be viewed through the lens of Russian imperial modernity and instead be better situated in their local and historical context.

From Concealment of their Faith to Active Propagation of their Faith: Afghanistan’s Christians and its Diaspora Community

Although Afghanistan is predominantly a Muslim country, the Christian faith has found adherents in the country. Prior to building a church the community gathered in a designated house to practice their faith. After a church was established members of the community, Christian expatriates and members of the diplomatic community attended religious services there. The number of Muslim converts grew over time and each had a mission to convert fellow friends to the faith. Muslim converts were careful not to disclose their faith to anyone unless they had full trust in that person knowing that he will not disclose their identity even if they did not embrace the faith. The situation of the Christian community improved somewhat during the constitutional monarchy (1963–1973) as the 1964 Constitution allowed freedom of expression and of association, etc. The community remained quiet and exercised caution in practicing their faith during the republic an regime (1973–1978). Political repression after the establishment of the pro-Soviet regime in April 1978 and subsequent Soviet invasion (December 1979-February 1989) caused a number of Christians to leave to the safety of Pakistan and India trying to seek asylum to countries in the West. In exile, Muslim converts become active in organizing themselves and propagating the faith through translation of Christian literature to the Persian language and making them available to their fellow countrymen.

ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES IN THE OSSETIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

Цель данного исследования – определить сходство и различия в образовании атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что словосочетания в осетинском языке не исследовались в сравнении с аналогичными синтаксическими единицами в персидском языке.Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что сопоставительное изучение особенностей атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках даст возможность охарактеризовать общее и различное в этих языках в области синтаксиса словосочетания, что будет способствовать при необходимости лучшему изучению и исследованию этих языков в области синтаксиса, послужит также развитию межкультурной коммуникации осетин и иранцев, с которыми сейчас у осетин намечаются тесные культурные связи. Атрибутивные словосочетания в персидском языке чаще всего образуются на основе изафета, в ряде случаев используются послелог -ра и примыкание. В осетинском языке определение традиционно стоит перед определяемым словом и бывает выражено всеми знаменательными частями речи и связывается с ним падежными формами, существительными с несколькими послелогами, порядком слов. Для осетинского языка не характерна инверсия определения, но она возможна при его обособлении и изменении семантико-структурных и стилистических отношений между определением и определяемым словом. Инверсия определения не была чужда древнеперсидскому языку, а также языку скифов и алан, с которыми у осетин общее происхождение, на что указывает, помимо многих других свидетельств, лингвистическое единство этих языков на разных уровнях языковых структур. The purpose of this study is to determine the similarities and differences in the formation of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages. The novelty of the study lies in the fact, that phrases in the Ossetian language have not been studied in comparison with similar syntactic units in the Persian language. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that a comparative study of the features of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages will make it possible to characterize the common and different phrases in these languages in the field of syntax, which will contribute, if necessary, to a better study and research of these languages in the field of syntax, will also serve the development of intercultural communication of the Ossetians and the Iranians, with whom the Ossetians are now developing close cultural ties. Attributive phrases in the Persian language are most often formed on the basis of an isafet, in some cases postposition ‘ra’ and adjunctions are used. In the Ossetian language, the definition traditionally stands before the word being defined and is expressed by all significant parts of speech and is associated with it by case forms, nouns with several postpositions, word order. The inversion of the attribute is not typical for the Ossetian language, but it is possible with its isolation and change of semantic-structural and stylistic relations between the attribute and the word it attributes. The inversion of the attribute was not alien to the ancient Persian language, as well as to the language of the Scythians and Alans, with whom the Ossetians have common origin, which is indicated, among many other evidence, by the linguistic unity of these languages at different levels of linguistic structures.

Psychometric Properties of Sex Addiction Screening Test-Revised (SAST-R) for Persian Population

Background and Objectives: Sexual addiction is known as a disorder that afflicts a person with difficulty in controlling or delaying sexual behaviors. In order to prevent social, physical, and psychological consequences, validated screening tests are needed to diagnose this disorder. One of these tests is established by Carnes with the name of “Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised” (SAST-R). In this study, Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised has been translated and verified in the Persian language. Methods: To this purpose, the original screening test was translated to the Persian language and also back translated for matching by two different expert teams. Data was collected through online survey from 1268 participants who were between 18 to 65 years old (M=29.44 and SD=6.90) that 56.1% and 43.9% of them where women and men respectively. Three questionnaires including sexual addiction screening test–revised (SAST-R), hypersexual behavior consequences scale, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale as the principal, convergent and divergent tests were administered to the participants. Results: The reliability of the test's internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.883), Split-Half (Cronbach's alpha = 0.779), and Guttman (lambda coefficients were between 0.773 to 0.883) tests were used. In addition, four methods of content validity (sexual hyperactivity specialist approved), convergent structure validity (P<0.001, R =0.731), the validity of divergent structure (P<0.09, R = -0.132), and factor validity (CFI=0.884, GFI=0.873, RMSEA=0.047) were measured and confirmed the validity of the test. Conclusion: The Persian version of the sexual addiction screening test–revised (SAST-R) seems to be a reliable pre-clinical tool to assess the severity of sexual desire of patients.