Production of grain molasses

Для увеличения производства продуктов молочного животноводства большое значение для хозяйства имеет рациональное и экономное использование концентрированных кормов собственного производства. В связи с этим проведены исследования по приготовлению жидкой зерновой (кормовой) патоки. Материалом для изучения являлось зерно собственного производства, а именно ячменя и пшеницы, взятого из хозяйства Княгининского района Нижегородской области. Переработка зерна в жидкую патоку осуществлялась на установке, разработанной в Княгининском университете, с использованием двух ферментов: МЭК-СХ-3 и «Полифермента». Существенный интерес вызывала массовая доля сахара в приготовленной патоке. В результате исследований установлено, что при использовании фермента МЭК-СХ-3 содержание сухого вещества, сырого протеина, сырого жира и сахара в пшеничной патоке было выше по сравнению с ячменным продуктом. Исследование выявили более эффективное использование «Полифермента». Так, уровень сахара в пересчёте на сухое вещество в приготовленных патоках составлял 7,3 и 8,77% из сырья ячменя и пшеницы соответственно. Следует отметить, что количество сырой клетчатки в пшеничной патоке было самое низкое — 1,48%. При производстве зерновой патоки с использованием «Полифермента», содержащего комплекс ферментов, содержание сухого вещества в готовом продукте по сравнению с цельным зерном было ниже. Добавление жидкой зерновой патоки в рацион сельскохозяйственных животных позволяет восполнить дефицит сахара. Известно, что молочные коровы положительно реагируют на увеличенное содержание сахара в корме, что приводит к повышению уровня поедаемости и усвояемости кормов, следовательно, положительно повлияет на молочную продуктивность коров. Optimal forage distribution is crucial for the dairy production sphere. This paper reports on the preparation of liquid grain molasses. Barley and wheat grain were obtained from the Knyaginino rayon, the Nizhny Novgorod region. Processing grain into liquid molasses was performed on the equipment developed at the Knyaginino University using MEK-SKh-3 and “Poliferment” enzymes. Sugar content was of particular interest in the molasses produced. Wheat molasses exceeded the barley one in contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude fat, and sugar after MEK-SKh-3 application. “Poliferment” showed higher effectiveness. Sugar content amounted to 7.3 and 8.77% in barley and wheat molasses, respectively. Wheat molasses had the lowest concentration of crude fiber — 1.48%. “Poliferment” application reduced DM content in molasses. Feeding liquid grain molasses to livestock compensates for sugar deficiency. Higher sugar concentration in forage positively affects cow performance increasing fodder consumption and digestion.

Supported Science and Reproductive Technology to Achieve Cows Pregnancy Program Succesfully

Special efforts (UPSUS) to make cows pregnant (SIWAB) is a program to accelerate cattle population to meet the demand of animal origin food through artificial insemination or intensification of natural mating. Experience shows that a similar program that has been conducted previously was less successful. This paper aims to give some information on science, technology, and management of cattle reproduction that require attention to achieve SIWAB program successfully. Several things should be concerned for this program are: (1) Selection of fertile females and bulls; (2) Natural mating or artificial insemination (availability of semen, liquid nitrogen, supporting equipment, and inseminator); (3) Early detection of pregnancy; (4) Feed and feeding management; (5) Control of reproduction disease and other diseases; and (6) The supervision and handling of pregnant cows during and after birth. Another important thing that should be taken into account is the preparation of mating calendar so that the birth will occur during the period of abundant feed resources, and management of optimal forage and supplements to ensure good body condition of cows at the time of calving. With an understanding of science, technology, and applying reproductive management, it is expected that the targeted pregnancy cows by UPSUS program can be obtained.

Reindeer avoidance of pasture contaminated with sheep and reindeer faeces

Contamination by excrements will increase in areas with high animal densities, such as snow free patches with accessible forage in winter and holding paddocks. Avoidance of faeces dropped by other grazers may result in interference competition by reducing optimal forage intake, or offer protection from the transfer of parasites or disease. We conducted two enclosure experiments investigating reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) reactions towards faeces. The first experiment tested whether reindeer avoid pasture contaminated with faeces from reindeer or sheep (Ovis aries). Both high (0.5 kg/m2) and low (0.05 kg/m2) concentrations of faeces reduced reindeer grazing compared to no faeces. Reindeer grazed significantly less in areas with high concentration of faeces compared to areas with low concentrations, with equally strong avoidance regardless of faeces source. The second experiment analysed the defecation pattern (random or not) of reindeer in a 50 m x 40 m enclosure to investigate how this pattern might change following the introduction of female sheep or additional female reindeer. Both reindeer and sheep defecated in a non-random pattern that was related to their preferred bedding sites. When sheep visited reindeer, the species' faeces distributions were positively correlated, indicating that reindeer and sheep had an overlap in area utilization, at least while bedding. When additional reindeer were introduced and then removed, the combined resident and visiting reindeers' faeces distributions were negatively correlated with the resident reindeers' faeces distribution following the removal of the visiting reindeer. This suggested that resident reindeer avoided the visiting reindeers' faeces. Resident reindeer also produced fewer total droppings when visited by new reindeer, while the number of droppings did not change when visited by sheep. Thus, resident reindeer were more adversely affected by the introduction of new reindeer even after their removal than by the introduction of sheep. In conclusion, the amount and distribution of excrements will play an important role in reindeer grazing and area use in pastures maintaining high densities of reindeer or reindeer and sheep.

Feeding behaviour, food intake and milk production responses of lactating dairy cows to diets based on grass silage of high or low dry-matter content, supplemented with quickly and slowly fermentable energy sources

Twelve dairy cows in early lactation were offered low (L; 215 g/kg) or high (H; 449 g/kg) dry matter(DM) content silages, prepared using material from the same sward. In addition, all animals received 9 kg/day, of supplements based on barley (B), sugar-beet pulp (SB) or a 50: 50 mixture of the two (B: SB), in two equal portions at 07:30 and 14:30 h. The six treatments were offered in an incomplete Latin square design. Mean intakes of H (14·4 kg DM per day) were significantly higher than intakes observed for L (10·0 kg DM per day) (P < 0·001). Within silage type, highest intakes were observed for cows receiving the SB supplement (P < 0·01). Higher intakes of H were reflected in higher total milk yield (P < 0·05) as well as fat (P < 0·05) and protein (P < 0·01) yield. Milk protein concentration was greater for animals receiving silage H (P < 0·001), with lower values being observed for animals consuming SB (P < 0·05), within silage type. Time spent eating, duration and number of meals were similar for either silage and the higher intakes of H silage reflected greater intake rates (g DM per min) (P < 0·001) resulting in larger meal sizes (P < 0·001). All chewing indices (time spent eating silage, ruminating and total time chewing per kg DM ingested) were greater for the L silage (P < 0·001). It is concluded that the benefits in forage intake with higher DM grass silages, for high yielding dairy cows, are associated with consequential benefits in milk yield and milk protein content. The most likely explanation for the greater intakes is a faster particle breakdown in the rumen allowing larger meal sizes before animals became constrained. The higher intakes of silage when animals consumed the SB supplement may be due to a slower rate of fermentation of the supplement, which was more closely matched to that of silage. Although not significant there was a tendency for differences in silage intake between animals receiving B compared with SB supplements to be greater for animals receiving the H silage suggesting that supplementation strategies to ensure optimal forage utilization may differ for silages of differing DM content.