Hapten Synthesis and Monoclonal Antibody Preparation for Simultaneous Detection of Albendazole and Its Metabolites in Animal-Origin Food

Albendazole (ABZ) is one of the benzimidazole anthelmintics, and the overuse of ABZ in breeding industry can lead to drug resistance and a variety of toxic effects in humans. Since the residue markers of ABZ are the sum of ABZ and three metabolites (collectively referred to as ABZs), albendazole-sulfone (ABZSO2), albendazole-sulfoxide (ABZSO), and albendazole-2-amino-sulfone (ABZNH2SO2), an antibody able to simultaneously recognize ABZs with high affinity is in urgent need to develop immunoassay for screening purpose. In this work, an unreported hapten, 5-(propylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine, was designed and synthesized, which maximally exposed the characteristic sulfanyl group of ABZ to the animal immune system to induce expected antibody. One monoclonal antibody (Mab) that can simultaneously detect ABZs was obtained with IC50 values of 0.20, 0.26, 0.77, and 10.5 μg/L for ABZ, ABZSO2, ABZSO, and ABZNH2SO2 in ic-ELISA under optimized conditions respectively, which has been never achieved in previous reports. For insight into the recognition profiles of the Mab, we used computational chemistry method to parameterize cross-reactive molecules in aspects of conformation, electrostatic fields, and hydrophobicity, revealing that the hydrophobicity and conformation of characteristic group of molecules might be the key factors that together influence antibody recognition with analytes. Furthermore, the practicability of the developed ic-ELISA was verified by detecting ABZs in spiked milk, beef, and liver samples with recoveries of 60% to 108.8% and coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.0% to 15.9%.

How do food safety tools support the animal origin food supply chain?

This study gives on overview of food safety tools that have been developed recently through the perspective of the animal origin food supply chain. It introduced some expected food safety legal issues, new technological outbreaks, food safety culture outlined in latest versions of food safety management system standards and tools applicable for the entire supply chains. Finally, the paper briefly shows some incentives associated with food safety and Covid-19 as well as the role of UN Sustainable Development Goals in animal origin food.

Safety of food products intended for children: residual amounts of pesticides (literature review)

The literature review examines data on the assessment of contamination of food products and biological media with organochlorine pesticides, modern approaches, and methods for the identification and quantification of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as follows: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, and endrin in various vegetable matrices, of animal origin (food products) and biological media (breast milk, blood serum, tissues). These pesticides, along with DDT and its metabolites and HCH (α, β, γ isomers), are persisting organic pollutants (POPs) according to the list of the Stockholm POPs Convention, included in the so-called global “dirty dozen substances”. Despite the prohibition of the production of these pesticides by most countries of the world community and the elimination of the quantities already produced, their migration along the food chain from contaminated objects of the environment to plants, and through plants to animals and humans, is still observed. Today’s contamination with OCPs and their metabolites remains a severe problem since they are detected in environmental objects, food products, and baby formula and breast milk. The literature review is based on virtual database platforms: Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, SciELO, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, e-LIBRARY, Electronic collection of legal and regulatory documents, and others.

Diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes serogroups in different food products from Transylvania Region, Central Romania

The aim of this study was to assess the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the molecularly serogrouped Listeria monocytogenes isolates in different animal origin food products, collected from a county situated in the historical region of Transylvania, Central Romania. A total of 7.7% (17/221) of the screened samples were positive for L. monocytogenes , with an isolation frequency of 6.2% (8/130) in the ready-to-eat products (i.e., sausages, ham and smoked specialties), 12.8% (6/47) in raw meat (i.e., minced pork, pork organs and snails), and 6.8% (3/44) in dairy (i.e., assortment of cheeses) samples. The identified L. monocytogenes serogroups were: 1/2a-3a (47.1%), 4b-4d-4e (29.4%), 1/2c-3c (11.8%), and 4a-4c (11.8%), respectively. All isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin and fusidic acid. Resistance was also detected towards oxacillin (88.2%), fosfomycin (82.4%), clindamycin (76.5%), imipenem (52.9%), ciprofloxacin (41.2%), rifampicin (41.2%), trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole (29.4%) and tetracycline (29.4%). On the other hand, all isolates proved susceptible to gentamicin, moxifloxacin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, tigecycline, erythromycin and linezolid. All tested strains exhibited multidrug resistance, resulting in the expression of a total of 12 resistance profiles. These findings extend the understanding about the spread of an important pathogen in Romanian food products, highlighting a substantial public health issue and medical concern, especially for consumers with a compromised health status.

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) sebagai jaminan keamanan produk Sarang Burung Walet Tujuan Ekspor ke Tiongkok

ABSTRACT Edible Bird Nest (EBN) is a food product of animal origin that obtains many benefits for Indonesia's export commodities. EBN contains many nutrients in which it is widely utilized in the health sector. EBN products have been exported to various countries and one of them is China. EBN products exported to China have potential harms such as physical, biological, and chemical hazards that pose risks to human health. Therefore, every product of animal origin needs food safety assurance. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a food safety system developed to identify, evaluate, and control food safety hazards. HACCP is a system developed to prevent or reduce hazards to an acceptable extent during the globally adopted production. Through the implementation of a food safety assurance system in the EBN, it is expected to lower the risk of food hazards. This paper discussed HACCP in ensuring food safety of animal origin, especially Edible Bird Nest to fulfill the export requirements of Edible Bird Nest to China. Keywords: Animal-origin Food Safety, HACCP, Edible Bird Nest

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Animal Origin Food Items in Selected Areas of Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia, 2018/19

The status of Salmonella and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in animal origin food items from different catering establishments in Ethiopia is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates from animal origin food items in the selected areas of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food samples were collected and processed for Salmonella isolation. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay. An overall prevalence of 9.4% (18/192) Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from animal origin food samples collected from different catering establishments. Seven (21.9%) of “Dulet,” 4 (12.5%) of “Kitfo,” 3 (9.4%) of “Kurt,” 2 (6.3%) of raw milk, 1 (3.1%) of egg sandwich and 1 (3.1%) of cream cake samples were positive for Salmonella. Catering establishments, protective clothing, source of contamination, manner of hand washing, and money handling were among the putative risk factors that were significantly associated ( p < 0.05 ) with Salmonella spp. occurrence. Ampicillin, nitrofurans, and sulphonamide resistance were significantly associated ( p < 0.05 ) with Salmonella spp. occurrence in the selected food items. Three (16.7%), 5 (27.8%), 5 (27.8%), and 4 (22.2%) of the isolates were resistant to 3, 4, 5, and 6 antibiotics, respectively, whereas only a sole isolate was resistant to two antibiotics (viz. ampicillin and kanamycin). In conclusion, the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices were not to the recommended standards in the current study. Besides, detection of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella in animal origin food items from different catering establishments suggests the need for detailed epidemiological and molecular characterization of the pathogen so as to establish the sources of acquisition of resistant Salmonella strains. Hence, implementation of Salmonella prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of animal origin food items are crucial.