The Importance of Liming with an Appropriate Liming Material: Long-Term Experience with a Typic Palexerult

Aluminium phytotoxicity is considered the main limiting factor for crop productivity in agricultural acid soils. Liming is a common practice used to improve acidic soil properties, but an appropriate liming material is essential for both agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. A long-term field experiment with two liming amendments (dolomitic limestone and limestone) was developed during 10 years to determine the changes in soil acidity and assess the effects on crop (rye) yields. Although the adverse effects of the soil acidity conditions were alleviated with both amendments tested, dolomitic limestone was the most effective in the short- and long-term period. In terms of the saturation of exchange complex, dolomitic limestone had a better efficiency, likely based on its rate of dissolution. No significant changes in soil organic matter and exchangeable potassium levels between the treatments tested were found. Both liming materials significantly increased the rye total biomass, but interestingly, significant correlations were showed between tissue levels of magnesium and biomass production, but not between the latter and calcium. The increases in rye biomass production compared with control soils at the end of the research were the following: dolomitic limestone, 47%, and limestone, 32%. A link between an increase in magnesium bioavailability and biomass production was found, as well as between magnesium rye content and total, spike and stem biomass. Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesized that since magnesium is crucial for the transport of assimilates from source leaves to sink organs, alleviating its deficiency leads to avoiding the reducing growth rate of sink organs. Although further investigations are needed to gain a better understanding of liming on the biological, chemical and physical soil properties in the long term, our research provides support for the conceptual premise that an appropriate selection of liming material is crucial for the productivity of acid soils.

Influence of different liming material on soil pH and spring barley yield under different soil moisture conditions

Liming of acid soils is one of the most effective and multipurpose ways to improve soil properties. Liming changes the agrochemical properties, nutrient content and uptake. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of different liming materials on soil pH and spring barley yield under different soil moisture conditions. A vegetation experiment was performed until full yield formation under two different soil moisture conditions: optimum 17–20% and excess 28–31%. Liming materials of different physical forms and chemical composition were used in the experiment: ground, crushed and granulated liming materials, which differed in their chemical composition. Ground liming material had the highest neutralizing value (52.2 ± 0.40%) and reactivity (99.5 ± 0.18%), and crushed liming material had the lowest reactivity (10.0 ± 0.23%) and the highest (10.33 ± 0.148) magnesium content. Liming with ground liming material was the most effective and fastest way to neutralize soil acidity. It increased the soil pH from 4.44 ± 0.191 to 6.17 ± 0.042 under optimum moisture conditions and from 4.46 ± 0.156 to 6.76 ± 0.537 under excess moisture conditions after 4 weeks of liming. When spring barley was grown to full yield, a significant increase in yield in both years was found by liming with granulated liming material ø 2–5 mm in both soil moisture conditions, and the highest mass of 1,000th grain was obtained in the treatments limed with granulated liming material with potassium additive.

Combination Cockle Shells (Anadara granosa) and Calcite Lime to Improve Swamp Water pH for Catfish (Pangasius sp.) Culture

Cockle shells was proven potential used as an alternative liming material. Combination of lime derived from cockle shells with calcite as common lime materials used to overcome limited quantity of cockle shells as the problem of seasonal availability of cockle shells. Besides, these materials have difference characteristics that to be expected can give better effect to pH of soil and water. This study aims to determine the best combination dose between cockle shell limes and calcite to increase the pH of water and soil, survival rate and growth of catfish (Pangasius sp.). The study used completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment of different combination of lime doses 100% calcite (P1), 100% cockle shell limes (P2), 75% calciteand 25% cockle shell limes (P3), 50% calcite and 50% cockle shell limes (P4), and 25% calcite and 75% cockle shell limes (P5), dose of lime used as much as 7,000 kg/ha CaO equivalent. The result showed that P4 was the best treatment according to data of swamp water pH was 8.13 and soil pH was 8.07 at final day (day 60), alkalinity 153.33 mg.L-1 CaCO3 equivalent, Ca 104.15 mg.L-1,100% survival rate, 11.23 cm absolute growth of length, 38.60 g absolute growth of weight and 128.38% feed efficiency.

Determination the influence of liming with oilshale ashes to the changes of water extractable plant nutrients in acidic soils

<p>The acidification process influences mostly soils used agriculturally. It causes yield decrease and loss of plant nutrients from soil via leaching and also rise in concentration of undesibrable, harmful for plant roots ions ( Al<sup>3+</sup>) in soil solution.</p><p>To overcome the negative effects of acidification to agricultural plant production, liming of agriculturally managed soils is widely in use. 40% of agriculturally used lands in Estonia needs periodic liming and approximately 130 000 tons of liming material will be needed for neutralizing acidic soils every year.  Typically different naturally occouring carbonatic materials , as limestone and dolomite, is used for this purpose.  In Estonia more than 9 million tons of ash has been produced as waste byproduct in Estonian power plants every year. Only 1,9% of this byproduct has been reused in building materials industry and agriculture. The amounts of oilshale ash used as liming material by farmers is increasing from year to year.  </p><p>The oilshale fly ash is higly alkaline material with high content of Ca (20 – 33% ), K ( 2,6 – 10%), Mg (2 – 4%) and several microlelement (Zn, Cu, Mo, Mn). Due to modernization of powerplants the new burning technology (CFB) was introduced. Therefore the the fly ash with new chemical and physical properties appeared on the market of liming agents for farmers.</p><p>The aim of the research was to investigate the change of water soluble plant nutrient  (P, K, Mg, Ca) content in acidic soils as a result of liming with oilshale fly ash.  Experiment was conducted as a pot experiment  with five different soils and three fly ashes and two types of granulated ashes and powdered limestone.  The influence of soil organic carbon, soil acidity, texture, to the water soluble  nutrient gradient in soil was investigated. </p><p>The differences between oilshale ashes to the changes in nutrient gradient was found. The Nutrient gradient depends from oilshale ash as well from soil properties.   </p>

Yield index of crops grown under no-tillage after superficial application of micronized liming materials (MLM) on the soil

The development of strategies for the control of soil acidity in production systems using micronized liming material (MLM) could be a strategy in areas under no-till (NT) to produce high crops yield. The micronized liming material (MLM) have faster reaction on the soil surface even without incorporation to the soil. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks in split-plot with four replications in a Typic Distrudept under NT treated with MLM. In the main plots the dolomitic limestone (DL) and MLM (granulated micronized calcite (GMC); granulated micronized dolomite (GMD) and carbonated suspension (CS) were studied. In the subplots, four doses of liming materials aiming were assigned to increase soil base saturation (BS) to 50, 70 and 90 %, besides of control treatment. We measured the relative yield (RY), relative yield change (RYC) and production efficiency (PE) of wheat, soybean, black oat and maize during four consecutive years (2012 to 2016). The MLM presented major RY and PE along experimental period than DL. Besides, the major RYC of MLM refers to lower responsiveness, major residual effect as well as major or maintenance crops yield. Better results were found in the BS dose aiming to 61 % for all the liming materials studied for PE, showing that it is the adequate BS for control of acidity in Typic Distrudept.