Effect of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides Application on Economics of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

An experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at Post Graduate Research Farm, Agronomy Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule to study the effect of pre and post emergent herbicides application on economics of pearl millet production. Experiment consisted of nine treatments namely weedy check (T1), weed free (T2), atrazine @ 500 g/ha PoE (T3), 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T4), 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T5), atrazine @ 500 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T6), atrazine @ 500 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T7), pendimethalin 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T8), pendimethalin 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9) laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Among the herbicidal treatments, grain yield (kg/ha) and straw yield (kg/ha) was observed better with application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9). Among the chemical weed management treatments, application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9) observed higher gross and net monetary returns (₹/ha). However, the gross and net monetary returns (₹/ha) were maximum under weed free treatment but lower B:C ratio as compared to sequential application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Na Salt) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T9) and pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha PE fb 2,4-D (Dimethyl amine) @ 500 g/ha at 25-30 DAS PoE (T8) due to higher cost for labour weeding.

Interaction of Linear Polyelectrolytes with Proteins: Role of Specific Charge–Charge Interaction and Ionic Strength

We present a thermodynamic study of the interaction of synthetic, linear polyelectrolytes with bovine serum albumin (BSA). All polyelectrolytes are based on poly(allyl glycidyl ether) which has been modified by polymer-analogous reaction with anionic (-SO3Na), cationic (-NH3Cl or -NHMe2Cl) or zwitterionic groups (-NMe2(CH2)3SO3). While the anionic polymer shows a very weak interaction, the zwitterionic polymer exhibits no interaction with BSA (pI = 4.7) under the applied pH = 7.4, ionic strength (I = 23–80 mM) and temperature conditions (T = 20–37 °C). A strong binding, however, was observed for the polycations bearing primary amino or tertiary dimethyl amino groups, which could be analysed in detail by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The analysis was done using an expression which describes the free energy of binding, DGb, as the function of the two decisive variables, temperature, T, and salt concentration, cs. The underlying model splits DGb into a term related to counterion release and a term related to water release. While the number of released counter ions is similar for both systems, the release of bound water is more important for the primary amine compared to the tertiary N,N-dimethyl amine presenting polymer. This finding is further traced back to a closer contact of the polymers’ protonated primary amino groups in the complex with oppositely charged moieties of BSA as compared to the bulkier protonated tertiary amine groups. We thus present an investigation that quantifies both driving forces for electrostatic binding, namely counterion release and change of hydration, which contribute to a deeper understanding with direct impact on future advancements in the biomedical field.

Hypercoordinated Organotin(IV) Compounds Containing ĸ²-C,O- And ĸ²,N- Chelating Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Behaviour

Rigid homopolystannanes and alternating polystannanes containing a benzyl methoxy ether (C,O) or benzyl dimethyl amine (C,N) ligand were prepared using either a direct approach, lithiation and transmetallation, or an alternative approach, either sequential chlorinations or brominations. X-ray crystallographic studies of 41 and 45 were conducted to find 41 in a distorted tetrahedral geometry with moderate hypercoordinate interaction (Sn-N: 2.917 Å) while 45 in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal with strong hypercoordinate interaction (Sn-N: 2.403 Å). Hydrogenation of 31 and 33 produced 42 and 43 in moderate-to-good yields. Dehydrocoupling polymerization produced modest molecular weight, rigid C,O- (Mw = 3.03 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 1.4) and C,N- (Mw = 3.10 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 1.82) homopolymers 56 and 57. Finally, condensation polymerization was attempted to produce low molecular weight (Mw = 1.30 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 2.0) C,O- alternating polymer 60 and oligomer 61 (Mw = 0.92 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 2.71).

Hypercoordinated Organotin(IV) Compounds Containing ĸ²-C,O- And ĸ²,N- Chelating Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Behaviour

Rigid homopolystannanes and alternating polystannanes containing a benzyl methoxy ether (C,O) or benzyl dimethyl amine (C,N) ligand were prepared using either a direct approach, lithiation and transmetallation, or an alternative approach, either sequential chlorinations or brominations. X-ray crystallographic studies of 41 and 45 were conducted to find 41 in a distorted tetrahedral geometry with moderate hypercoordinate interaction (Sn-N: 2.917 Å) while 45 in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal with strong hypercoordinate interaction (Sn-N: 2.403 Å). Hydrogenation of 31 and 33 produced 42 and 43 in moderate-to-good yields. Dehydrocoupling polymerization produced modest molecular weight, rigid C,O- (Mw = 3.03 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 1.4) and C,N- (Mw = 3.10 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 1.82) homopolymers 56 and 57. Finally, condensation polymerization was attempted to produce low molecular weight (Mw = 1.30 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 2.0) C,O- alternating polymer 60 and oligomer 61 (Mw = 0.92 × 10⁴ Da, PDI: 2.71).

Catalytic Effect of Water and Formic Acid on the Reaction of Carbonyl Sulfide with Dimethyl Amine Under Tropospheric Conditions

CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations were performed on the addition of amines [i.e. ammonia (NH3), methyl amine (MA), and dimethyl amine (DMA)] to carbonyl sulfide (OCS), followed by transfer of the amine H-atom...

Ultrafine Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Soft Nitriding Porous Carbon for Hydrogen Production from Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Dimethyl Amine-Borane

Simple and efficient synthesis of a nano-catalyst with an excellent catalytic property for hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of dimethyl amine-borane (DMAB) is a missing piece. Herein, effective and recycled palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on soft nitriding porous carbon (NPC) are fabricated and applied for DMAB hydrolysis. It is discovered that the soft nitriding via a low-temperature urea-pretreatment induces abundant nitrogen-containing species on the NPC support, thus promoting the affinity of the Pd precursor and hindering the agglomeration of formed Pd NPs onto the NPC surface during the preparation process. Surface-clean Pd NPs with a diameter of sub-2.0 nm deposited on the NPC support (Pd/NPC) exhibit an outstanding catalytic performance with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 2758 h−1 toward DMAB hydrolysis, better than many previous reported Pd-based catalysts. It should be emphasized that the Pd/NPC also possesses a good stability without an obvious decrease in catalytic activity for DMAB hydrolysis in five successive recycling runs. This study provides a facile but efficient way for preparing high-performance Pd catalysts for catalytic hydrogen productions.