Process Optimization for Manufacturing PAN-Based Conductive Yarn with Carbon Nanomaterials through Wet Spinning

This study aimed to manufacture PAN-based conductive yarn using a wet-spinning process. Two types of carbon nanomaterials, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF), were used alone or in a mixture. First, to derive the optimal composite solution condition for the wet spinning process, a composite solution was prepared with carbon nanomaterials of the same total mass weight (%) and three types of mechanical stirring were performed: mechanical stirring, ultra-sonication, and ball milling. A ball milling process was finally selected by analyzing the viscosity. Based on the above results, 8, 16, 24, and 32 wt% carbon nanomaterial/PAN composite solutions were prepared to produce wet spinning-based composite films before preparing a conductive yarn, and their physical and electrical properties were examined. By measuring the viscosity of the composite solution and the surface resistance of the composite film according to the type and content of carbon nanomaterials, a suitable range of viscosity was found from 103 cP to 105 cP, and the electrical percolation threshold was from 16 wt% carbon nanomaterial/PAN, which showed a surface resistance of 106 Ω/sq or less. Wet spinning was possible with a PAN-based composite solution with a high content of carbon nanomaterials. The crystallinity, crystal orientation, tenacity, and thermal properties were improved when CNF was added up to 24 wt%. On the other hand, the properties deteriorated when CNTs were added alone due to aggregation. Mixing CNT and CNF resulted in poorer properties than with CNF alone, but superior properties to CNT alone. In particular, the electrical properties after incorporating 8 wt% CNT/16 wt% CNF into the PAN, 106 Ω/cm was similar to the PAN-based conductive yarn containing 32 wt% CNF. Therefore, this yarn is expected to be applicable to various smart textiles and wearable devices because of its improved physical properties such as strength and conductivity.

The characteristic analysis of continuous light diodes

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra, light flux, color temperatures and color coordinates of white light emitting diodes that are based on CaGa2S4:Eu[Formula: see text]–CaS:Eu[Formula: see text] composite solution and industrial phosphor were analyzed. The study was carried out continuously for a 1000 h with two white LEDs which based on an exciting InGaN wavelength of 450 nm with a power of 10 W. Luminous flux and color temperatures were investigated during 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 h. All experiments were carried out for both CaGa2S4:Eu[Formula: see text]–CaS:Eu[Formula: see text] and industrial phosphor and comparatively analyzed. Consequently, the application perspectives of CaGa2S4:Eu[Formula: see text]–CaS:Eu[Formula: see text] composite solution in the white LEDs technologies are presented.

Obtaining Composite Solutions with the Addition of Ash from the Burning of Fuel Oil

A method for producing composite solutions using ash from the burning of fuel oil as a waste product is presented. The chemical and mineral composition of the ash is determined. The structure formation in composite solutions was studied when replacing cement with various amounts of ash. The possibility of a 40 % replacement of cement with ash without loss of technological parameters of the system has been established. The environmental safety of the composite solution using the ash modifier has been proved by determining phytotoxicity on seedlings of Raphanus sativus radish seeds.

Characterization of Electrical Heating Textile Coated by Graphene Nanoplatelets/PVDF-HFP Composite with Various High Graphene Nanoplatelet Contents

We prepared a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that was coated with high graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) content (32 wt% to 64 wt%) of graphene nanoplatelet/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) composite. Silver-coated conductive yarn is used as electrode in the sample to improve its flexibility and applicability as wearable textile. These graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP coated samples with various high-contents of graphene were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), sheet resistance analysis, and electrical heating performance analysis. Graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP coated cotton fabric improved the crystallinity and thermal stability with increasing thw high-content of GNP. With an increasing of the high-content of graphene nanoplatelet in the PVDF-HFP composite solution, the sheet resistance of samples tended to gradually decrease. That of, 64 wt% graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite coated sample (64 GR/cotton) was 44 Ω/sq. The electrical heating performance of graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite coated cotton fabric was improved with increasing the high-content of graphene nanoplatelet. When 5 V was applied to 64 GR/cotton, its surface temperature has been indicated to be about 48 °C and it could be used at a low voltage (<10 V). Thus, a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that is coated by high content of graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite solution sewn with silver-coated conductive yarn is expected to be applied to glove, shoes, jacket, and so on to improve its wearability and applicability.