Research on the Safety and Security Distance of Above-Ground Liquefied Gas Storage Tanks and Dispensers

Many countries lack clear legal requirements on the distance between buildings and petrol station facilities. The regulations in force directly determine the petrol station facilities’ required distance to buildings, and such distances are considered relevant for newly designed and reconstructed buildings. Public buildings must be located no closer than 60 m to the above-ground liquefied gas tanks and liquid gas dispensers. Still, based on engineering calculations and the applied technical measures, it is possible to determine a safe distance for buildings that are constructed, extended and reconstructed, to which superstructures are added or whose utilisation method changes. The paper presents the results of calculations devoted to determining a safe distance between public buildings and LPG filling station facilities, using selected analytical models. The analyses were carried out for the LPG gas system commonly used in petrol stations, consisting of two gas storage tanks of 4.85 m3 capacity each, and a dispenser. It is legitimate to eliminate the obligation to observe the 60 m distance between LPG filling stations and public buildings and the mandatory distance of 60 m between liquefied gas dispensers and public buildings is not justified in light of the implemented requirements to use various protections at self-service liquefied gas filling stands.

A Trip Generation Model for a Petrol Station with a Convenience Store and a Fast-Food Restaurant

A trip generation manual and database are important for transportation planners and engineers to forecast new trip generation for any new development. Nowadays, many petrol stations have fast-food restaurant outlets. However, this land use category has yet to be included in the Malaysian Trip Generation Manual. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a new trip generation model for the new category of “petrol station with convenience store and fast-food restaurant”. Significant factors influencing the trip generation were also determined. Manual vehicle counts at the selected sites were conducted for 3 h during morning, afternoon and evening peak hours. Regression analysis was used in this study to develop the model. A simple trip generation model based on the independent variable number of restaurant seats showed a greater value for the coefficient of determination, R2, compared with the independent variables gross floor area in thousand square feet and number of pumps. The multivariable trip generation model using three independent variables generated the highest R2 among all of the models but was still below a satisfactory level. Further study is needed to improve the model for this new land use category. We must ensure more accuracy in trip generation estimation for future planning and development.

ANALISIS SITOGENETIK SEL EPITEL MUKOSA BUKAL PEKERJA STASIUN PENGISI BAHAN BAKAR UMUM DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

Workers employed in petroleum station have a high-risk exposure to a wide range of toxic compounds with known mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Cytogenetic damage might have happened if they continuously exposed to petroleum derivatives. This study aimed to analyse the cytogenetic damage in exfoliated buccal cells among petroleum station workers in Yogyakarta City. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 30 petrol station workers who are working at a different petrol station in Yogyakarta and the control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. Examination for all subjects included frequencies of nuclear abnormalities, including pycnosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis. Cytological preparations were stained according to papanicolaou reaction and analyzed under light microscope for making a score for degenerative nuclear alterations (pycnosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis). Analysis of buccal cells revealed that frequencies of pycnosis and karyorrhexis in petrol station workers were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Conversely, there was no significant difference in karyolisis among groups. These findings indicate that the petrol station workers are under the risk of significant cytogenetic damage, particularly pycnosis and karyorrhexis.

Why Abandon the Paradise? Stations’ Incentives to Reduce Gasoline Prices at First

The German petrol station market is characterized by strong intraday price cycles, which probably correspond to the well-known Edgeworth cycles. The prices go up strongly in the late evening or in the middle of the night, fall relatively heavily in the early morning, and then go up and down several times in the course of the day. Locally, the analysis is limited to the 26 petrol stations that plausibly form a common market in the Lueneburg region. This paper picks out the specific sequence in which, after generally rising prices during the day, a single supplier is the first to reverse the price trend and lower its price. For this purpose, current price reports are used to define the price reduction event down to the second, and to show only the valid prices of competitors prior to the event. All German petrol stations have to report price changes to the Bundeskartellamt's Market Transparency Department. Tankerkoenig then publishes the full reports. This results in one panel observation for each price reduction event. Out of nearly 300,000 price observations, just over 10,000 panel observations result. Fixed-effect logit estimates are used to test whether the theoretically and economically significant price differences of the Edgeworth cycles explain the behavior of the price cutters, or whether market structure factors, such as brand affiliation/independence of the petrol station, service offerings, or location characteristics predict price-cutting behavior. The novel recording of the price dynamics in the petrol station market by using the accurate petrol station price data to the second indicates promising research of extensive price data and avoids the enormous loss of information in the previously common calculation of average prices at certain times.

To the Issue of Editing the New Technical Terminology

Georgian technical terminology (Georgian-Russian and Russian-Georgian parts of it) became obsolete long ago and cannot correspond to the modern demands. This terminology needs not only to renew but change structurally. The growing progress of modern communication and information technologies demands updating of the scientific terminology in general and of the technical terminology particularly. It is obvious that foreign terms took their place not only in speech but in the scientific literature as well. The examples of terminology using which we meet in our everyday life, especially when reading or listening to the ads,are absolutely unacceptable. For example, the ads propose us to restore so called rulevoi – from the Russian руль (steering wheel); they also suggest the grids against grokhot – that is грохот in Russian (clatter) and so on; as usual, technical terms in ads are always given in Russian, sometimes in some other languages, but almost nobody uses Georgian technical terms. Unfortunately, sometimes already existed terminology also favors using untranslated terms such as: bremsbergi (bremsberg – cross entry); versori (versor- a unit length), lafeti (lafet – gun carriage) and many others. True, it is impossible to translate all of the foreign terms always and only in Georgian. Some of such terms may be included in the new technical terminology unchanged, without translation. It is especially conditioned by the fact that nowadays a huge stream of the foreign terms floods the Georgian language. If we want the term and its function be easy to understand and use, then the new technical terminology should be arranged in the form of the explanatory dictionary without so called headwords; this will enable us to avoid diverse interpretations of the terms in the technical literature and manuals. We suggest here some faults found in the existed terminology which are absolutely necessary to improve during editorial work. Many terms need to refine: not იგრიხებადი (crooking) but გრეხადი (crookable); იწვებადი – წვადი (burning – burnable) and some others. Synonymic terms should be used without non-Georgian corresponding words: for example, we meet in the technical terminological dictionaries such pairs as: შკაფი — კარადა (a wardrobe – in Russian and in Georgian); შოფერი — მძღოლი (a driver); შოფერი — მექანიკოსი (driver-mechanic); სკრაიბერი — საკაწრელი (scriber). Besides that, some terms which denote the notions which we classify as visible and invisible should merge, e.g. ღერძი (axis) - Axis can be a part of a car, an eye, also axis of symmetry, of coordinates and so on; also არხი (channel) – it can be in melioration, in television and so on. Some obsolete terms should be extracted from terminological dictionaries, such as: бензозаправочная колонка (Rus.) - ბენზინის ჩასასხმელი სვეტი // ბენზინის ჩასასხმელი; there must be ბენზინგასამართი (Petrol station).

MILP formulations for highway petrol station replenishment in initiative distribution mode

To investigate highway petrol station replenishment in initiative distribution mode, this paper develops a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model with minimal operational costs that includes loading costs, unloading costs, transport costs and the costs caused by unpunctual distribution. Based on discrete representation, the working day is divided into equal time intervals, and the truck distribution process is decomposed into a pair of tasks including driving, standby, rest, loading and unloading. Each truck must execute one task during a single interval, and the currently executing task is closely related to the preceding and subsequent tasks. By accounting for predictive time-varying sales at petrol stations, real-time road congestion and a series of operational constraints, the proposed model produces the optimal truck dispatch, namely, a detailed task assignment for all trucks during each time interval. The model is tested on a real-world case of a replenishment system comprising eight highway petrol stations, one depot, one garage and eight trucks to demonstrate its applicability and accuracy.