ATTEMPTED CIRCUMVENTION OF ADDO NATIONAL PARK’S EXPANSION – BLATANT MANIPULATION BY OFFICIALS OF THE LAND-REFORM (REDISTRIBUTION) PROGRAMME AND WANTON DISREGARD OF SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL PARKS’ CONTRACTUAL RIGHTS: SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL PARKS V ADDO AFRIQ

The focus of the Provision of Land and Assistance Act 126 of 1993 is on land reform. It aims to ensure the beneficial use, development and improvement of land as referred to in the Act, contribute to bring about poverty alleviation, promote economic growth, and empower historically disadvantaged persons. However, this Act has recently been manipulated in order to develop a luxury tourist facility. In South African National Parks v Addo Afrique Estate (Pty) Ltd (1201/2010) [2011] ZAECGHC 40, the Eastern Cape High Court had to decide on the applicability of the Act on a luxury tourist development, as well as on the requirements for an interim interdict and the rights acquired through a right of pre-emption.

Alternativas de turismo sostenible en sectores priorizados de la Provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador

La deficiente potencialización de rutas turísticas es una de las causas por las que no se ha desarrollado correctamente la actividad turística en la Provincia de Cotopaxi, motivo por el cual se ejecutó el presente proyecto de vinculación en convenio con dirigentes de barrios, comunidades y parroquias de cinco sectores priorizados (Pastocalle, Cumbijín, Mulaló, Canchagua, Cusubamba), con la finalidad de aportar al desarrollo turístico de la Provincia de Cotopaxi. Los objetivos del proyecto se cumplieron con el trabajo conjunto de docentes y estudiantes de la carrera de Ecoturismo de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. En primer lugar se realizó el levantamiento de información de los sectores priorizados, estableciendo la línea base del proyecto, con los datos obtenidos se procedió a caracterizar los cinco sectores, inventariando los atractivos turísticos con base en la Metodología para Jerarquización de Atractivos y Generación de Espacios Turísticos en Ecuador creada para esta misma finalidad por el Ministerio de Turismo, obteniendo así: Pastocalle 7 atractivos turísticos, Cumbijín 8 atractivos turísticos, Mulaló 11 atractivos turísticos, Canchagua 3 atractivos turísticos y Cusubamba 14 atractivos turísticos. Con base en los datos obtenidos de atractivos turísticos inventariados se procedió a diseñar, construir y/o repotenciar una ruta turística en cada sector priorizado, resaltando que en los cinco sectores priorizados ya existían senderos que conectaban a la mayoría de los atractivos turísticos. Además, se diseñó e implemento la señalética turística respectiva en cada ruta, con base en la forma y fondo establecida en el Manual de Señalización Turística del Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador. The deficient potentialization of tourist routes is one of the reasons tourist activity in the Province of Cotopaxi has not been correctly developed. This is also part of the reason the study was performed in agreement with leaders of neighborhoods, communities, and the parishes of five prioritized sectors (Pastocalle, Cumbijín, Mulaló, Canchagua, Cusubamba), with the purpose of contributing to the tourist development of Cotopaxi Province. The objectives of this paper were fulfilled through the work of teachers and students of Ecotourism career of the Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales of the Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. First, data was collected from the prioritized sectors. Thereafter, the base line of the paper was established with the data obtained. The five sectors were characterized, which led to the inventing of tourist attractions with base on the Methodology for Ranking of Attractiveness and Generation of Tourist Spaces in Ecuador. This was created for this same purpose by the Ministry of Tourism for the following places: Pastocalle 7 tourist attractions, Cumbijín 8 tourist attractions, Mulaló 11 tourist attractions, Canchagua 3 tourist attractions, and Cusubamba 14 tourist attractions. Based on the data obtained from inventoried tourist attractions, we proceeded to design, build, and repower a tourist route in each prioritized sector. Also, we highlighted that in the five prioritized sectors, there were already trails that connected most of the tourist attractions. In addition, the respective tourism signage tourism was designed and implemented in each route with base on the form and background established in the Tourism Signalization Manual of the Tourism Ministry of Ecuador.

THE "PUTTING TERRITORIES INTO TOURISM", A TOURISM DIAGNOSIS TOOL CASE OF THE WILAYA OF ALGIERS

Putting territories "on the tourism" seems to have become an unavoidable practice for all countries, regions and cities that wish to receive a share of the manna generated by tourism. This is the case of Algiers, the capital of Algeria, which has a proven but unfortunately badly exploited tourist potential. The objective of this study is to propose another approach in the elaboration of the strategy of tourist development of the wilaya of Algiers. The article thus aims at identifying effectively the real tourist dimension of the territory of Algiers.To do this, the method developed by the Equipe MIT was used, based essentially on a precise diagnostic tool integrating relevant variables, both socio-economic and environmental. Thus, the study of these ten variables showed that even if certain factors go against the development of tourism, such as the weak reactivity of the public authorities or a rate of tourist function almost null, the majority of these variables are favourable to the development of the tourist activity and to the " putting in tourism " of this territory. Thus, the wilaya of Algiers is a city with a tourist function and meets all the conditions of success for its development as a tourist destination.

Peasants, Presidents, and Carpetbaggers

This chapter examines the years between 1945 and 1954 in the state of Guerrero. It charts the decline of peasant politicians and the rise of a technocracy of teachers, bureaucrats and lawyers. Caciquismo endured the change. Bitterly fought elections, the economic shock of the foot-and-mouth pandemic and violent resource conflicts led the state to the brink of collapse. There were two rebellions in the center-north and endemic counter-insurgency along the coasts. Yet the new governing coalition eventually proved more deferential to federal power than its predecessors. The governor, General Baltasar Leyva Mancilla, saved himself by shedding the stubborn independence of his predecessors. That reluctant submission combined with adroit nationalism, the windfall of tourist development in Acapulco, a more professional government and an ambitious development program to create an improbable, albeit ephemeral, stability.

YEAR OF BAIKAL AND PROBLEMS OF TOURIST DEVELOPMENT OF THE BAIKAL NATURAL TERRITORY

The article presents the results of a study on the state and development of tourism in the Baikal natural territory; the indicators of the tourism industry over a number of years are considered. This industry faces special challenges and challenges in connection with the announcement by Russian President Vladimir Putin of 2021 as the Year of Baikal in Russia. The authors suggest separate ways to solve environmental, business, management, and tourism problems on lake Baikal and its surrounding territories.