Lectotypification of Chamaecyparis hodginsii of the Cupressaceae

Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that the monotypic Fokienia A.Henry & H.H.Thomas is nested within Chamaecyparis Spach, which is in agreement with separate morphological studies. Here the authors confirm a previous taxonomic treatment that incorporated Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A.Henry & H.H.Thomas into Chamaecyparis based on the monophyly requirement of taxonomy, i.e. Chamaecyparis hodginsii (Dunn) Rushforth. In addition, the type collection of the basionym Cupressus hodginsii Dunn was found to contain three sheets of specimens, one in K including a vegetative branch (K000088294) and a separate ovulate cone (K001090486), a second one in A (A00022477), and a third one in IBSC (IBSC0016081). All three specimens are marked with Hongkong Herbarium No. 3505, but only the two specimens in K and IBSC possess similar handwriting of “Cupressus hodginsii Dunn”. The two specimens should be considered as syntypes according to the Shenzhen Code. The specimen in K is better preserved but it is a mixture according to the collection label: cones from Foochow (Fuzhou) and foliage from Yenping (Nanping). We lectotypified the name Cupressus hodginsii with K000088294 because the specimen is well preserved and has enough characters for identification. Moreover, an ovulate cone (K001090486) is on the same sheet.

Two Palaces by Bartolomeo F. Rastrelli According to Drafts from Friedrich Bergholtz collection, Stockholm National Museum

The article includes the description and analysis of 12 sheets from Bergholtz collection de­dicated to two Courland palaces of Duke Ernst Johann von Biron in Mitau and Ruhenthal (nowadays, Latvia — Jelgava and Rundāle, respectively). Designed by Bartolomeo F. Rastrelli, the palaces belong to the finest works of the Russian Baroque architecture of the 1730s. The findings of the study reveal that 7 sheets illustrating the design and the façade of the Ruhenthal palace are practically an exact copy of the original project stored in the collection of the Albertina Museum in Vienna. Two out of five drafts of Mitau palace are also a copy of Viennese drafts, while three sheets of five are a copy of completed projects. Therefore, the most valuable items of Bergholtz collection are three architectural drafts of the façade and lay-outs of two floors of Mitau palace — the only copies of the completed Rastrelli’s project known to science; the original copies are yet to be discovered.

A Detailed Comparison of Various Steel Types - Stainless Steel, Structural Steel and Aluminum Steel

Steel, compared to iron is an alloy of iron with commonly a few percent of carbon to enhance its strength and fracture resistance. The use of stainless steel in the design of structures remains a relevant discussion across different areas. In fact, the importance of structural steel in the glocal world has applications in virtually every sector. Also, aluminum steel has been used widely in residential applications, commercial buildings, and vehicular (automotive) designs. A close comparison of these three sheets of steel will give enlightenment about what brings them together and their applications for such characteristics they possess that seem alike. Many researchers argue about the possibility of their sustainability both in terms of cost, availability, fire resistance, and fabrication. Understanding their behaviors following their comparison will provide accurate answers to these propositions. This paper compares the stainless, structural, and aluminum steels in terms of usage, properties (chemical and mechanical), compares exclusively the structural and stainless steel design provisions, reviews recent research activities, and highlights the important developments.

Mechanical Clinching and Self-Pierce Riveting of Thin Three Sheets of 5000 Series Aluminium Alloy and 980 MPa Grade Cold Rolled Ultra-High Strength Steel

One thin 5000 series aluminium alloy sheet and two thin 980 MPa grade cold rolled ultra-high strength steel sheets were joined by self-pierce riveting and mechanical clinching processes. The joinabilities for a combination of the aluminium and steel sheets in both processes were investigated for different die shapes in the experiment and finite element simulation. In self-pierce riveting, the three sheets were successfully joined for both combinations of the upper and lower aluminium alloy sheets by optimizing the shapes of a die and rivet. In mechanical clinching, the three sheets were successfully joined by an optimum die for the configuration of the upper aluminium alloy sheet. On the other hand, the three sheets for the configuration of the lower aluminium alloy sheet were not joined even by optimizing the die shape in the both finite element simulation and experiment, because the material flow of the steel sheets was insufficient to form the two interlocks. The tension-shear loads for the clinched and riveted sheets with the adhesive were almost the same, because the load for the adhesive was the highest. In the cross-tension test, however, the load by the adhesive was comparatively small.

PLASTIC BEARING CAPACITY OF THE STEEL ELEMENT CROSS-SECTION BY INTERNAL FORCES COMBINATION AND RESTRAINT

The article examines the features of determining the bearing capacity of the steel profile cross-section, rolled or composedfrom three sheets with arbitrary thickness, considering the development of plastic deformations in a complex combination ofdifferent power factors that may occur during spatial loss of stability. Based on a new approach to the perception character ofinternal forces, the goal is to investigate their ability to redistribute between separate linear elements, on which cross-sectionof the beam is broken. It is proposed to increase the savings of the material by detailing the calculation.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC SUPPORT OF GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION WORKS

The article is devoted to the current state of geological study of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the update of the State geological map of 1 : 200 000 scale according to the results of geological studies of the three sheets of M-44-XXVIII, XXIX, XXX. The article shows a detailed description of the updated territory, in order to update the data on mineral deposits, which should ensure the industrial development of Kazakhstan with a stable source of raw materials.