Foot-based allomorphy in Tlapanec (Mè’phàà)

Tlapanec (Mè’phàà), an Otomanguean language spoken in Mexico, has several allomorphic alternations which are sensitive to the number of syllables of the stem (monosyllabic vs. disyllabic). We argue that these alternations are motivated by the foot structure which consists of two syllables, and that such alternations can be captured by subcategorization frames. An alternative, P » M analysis is also provided, where the allomorphic alternations are motivated by markedness constraints, namely *(tV.ˈσ), which avoids [t] in the weak position of the foot. These two approaches will be compared, and it will be argued that a subcategorization approach is more adequate than a P » M analysis.

Relativized Prosodic Domains: A Late-Insertion Account of German Plurals

In late-insertion, realizational models of morphology such as Distributed Morphology (DM), the insertion of Vocabulary Items (VIs) is conditioned by cyclic operations in the syntax. This paper explores whether an isomorphic relationship can be established between cyclic operations such as phases and prosodic domains. In the spirit of D’Alessandro and Scheer’s (2015) proposal of a Modular Phase Impenetrability Condition (MPIC), we strive to provide an analysis in which prosodic boundaries in even smaller, word-level-like syntactic structures—the ‘lexical domain’—can be identified solely within the syntax. We propose a DM-account for the distribution of nominal plural exponency in German, which reveals a dominant trend for a trochaic-foot structure for all but -s-plural exponents (Wiese 2001, 2009). Inspired by Gouskova’s (2019) and Svenonius’ (2016) work concerning the prosody–morphology interface, we argue that the index of a Prosodic Word ω in non-s-plurals is associated with a specific feature configuration. We propose that only a n[+pl(ural)] configuration, in which the nominalizing head n hosts the SynSem-feature Num(ber)[+pl(ural)], rather than a general cyclic categorizing phase head such as n, indexes a Prosodic Word ω for nominal plural exponents in (Standard) German. Based on this empirical evidence from German plural exponency, we argue that (i) prosodic boundaries can be established directly by syntactic structures, (ii) these prosodic boundaries condition VI insertion during the initial stages of Spell-Out, and (iii) prosodic domains are based on individual languages’ syntactic structures and feature configurations, and are thus relativized and language-specific in nature.

Life on the Earth

Change in life forms over the long span of the Earth’s history, and the theory of evolution are discussed in chapter 7. Along with the tenets of geologic time (chapters 3 and 4) and plate tectonics (chapters 5 and 6), evolution encompasses another foundational idea in geology. This chapter examines the history of evolutionary thought and theory, starting with Charles Darwin and his work on natural selection. The historic “Bone Wars” that occurred with the discovery of the dinosaur fossils is an example of how fossils are used and sometimes misused to unravel the evolution of a significant branch in the Earth’s history of life. So too, the story of horses and their ancestors is portrayed in the Cenozoic era, as early equine ancestor species responded in their body size and tooth and foot structure to changes in climate and the opening of grasslands. The number and variety of life forms waxes and wanes over geologic time, through evolution and sometimes extinction events, only to re-emerge over eons, eras, periods, and epochs, leading to pulses of biodiversity in the fossil record. The theory of evolution was forged after the work by Darwin and others by later developments in molecular biology and DNA research which support modern evolutionary theory.

The Prevalence Disability resulting from adult acquired Foot Flat Deformity among Middle aged population

Aim: To investigate about the prevalence of disability resulting from adult acquired foot flat deformity (AAFD) among middle aged population. Background: Adult acquired foot flat deformity (AAFD) which is also known as posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is the condition which leads to pain due to the collapse of the longitudinal (length wise) arch of the foot. Its affects women more than non, peaking age of 55 years. The prevalence of flat foot is uncertain due to the lack of exact clinical or radiographic criteria. The foot structure problem which affects the functional activity in the adult population has been poorly studied. So the present study was undertaken about the prevalence of disability resulting from AAFD which may help to develop preventive approaches, as increased awareness serve to help the patient with earlier referral and treatment by limiting their disability. Methodology: 50 subjects who was diagnosed as AAFD was included in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Foot function index score was calculated for the samples. Outcome Measure: Foot function index scale. Results: The total mean score is 112.75. The prevalence of disability resulting from adult acquired foot flat deformity which affects the quality of life for samples taken is 66%.

Design of 3D Printable Prosthetic Foot to Implement Nonlinear Stiffness Behavior of Human Toe Joint Based On Finite Element Analysis

The toe joint is one of the critical factors in designing a prosthetic foot. This is because its nonlinear stiffness provides a general feeling of springiness in the toe-off and it also affects the ankle kinetics. In this study, the toe part of the prosthetic foot was designed to improve walking performance. The toe joint was implemented as a single part suitable for 3D printing. The various shape factors such as curved shape, bending space, auxetic structure, and bending zone were applied to mimic human foot characteristics. The finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to simulate terminal stance (from heel-off to toe-off) using the designed prosthetic foot. To find the structure with characteristics similar to the human foot, the optimization was performed based on the toe joint geometries. As a result, the optimized foot showed good agreement with human foot behavior in the toe torque-angle curve. Finally, the simulation conditions were validated by comparing with human walking data and it was confirmed that the designed prosthetic foot structure can implement the human foot function.

What motivates high vowel deletion in Québec French: foot structure or tonal profile?

Previous studies have argued that high vowel deletion (HVD) in Québec French is constrained by iterative iambic footing (Guzzo, Goad & Garcia 2016, Garcia, Goad & Guzzo 2017; see also Verluyten 1982), since it preferentially applies in even-numbered syllables from the right edge of the word. In this paper, we compare this hypothesis with an alternative hypothesis: HVD is constrained by the optionally-realized phrase-initial H tone (Jun & Fougeron 2000, Thibault & Ouellet 1996). We report on a judgement task in which two- and four-syllable nouns with HVD in the initial syllable are placed in phrases of different profiles (No determiner, Determiner + noun, Determiner + adjective + noun). If tonal profile plays a role in HVD, HVD in four-syllable nouns in phrases where the noun is in isolation or preceded by a determiner alone should be dispreferred, since the initial syllable of the noun is assigned the optional H tone in these contexts. Our results do not confirm this: HVD is favored in four-syllable nouns over two-syllable nouns, regardless of phrase type. We explain this finding by expanding our previous proposal: HVD is regulated by foot structure, but is dispreferred when it targets the head foot (where the obligatory phrase-final prominence is realized).

Footing is not always about stress: formalizing variable high vowel deletion in Québec French

The existence of foot structure in (Québec) French is disputed, since the only position of obligatory prominence in the language is the right edge of the phonological phrase. In this paper, we propose that a segmental process, namely, high vowel deletion (HVD), supports the existence of iterative iambic footing in Québec French. We report on a judgement task with auditorily-presented stimuli in which native speakers judged whether words with and without HVD sounded natural. The results show that (i) HVD is preferred in even-numbered syllables from the right word edge, (ii) HVD is preferred when the resulting consonantal cluster mirrors an ill-formed branching onset, and (iii) although non-deletion is overall preferred to deletion, deletion is preferred in one context: when the target vowel is at a suffix boundary and in foot-dependent positions.