Same: structural sources of anaphora and relativization

This paper offers a unified view of the structures giving rise to anaphora and relativization within same-expressions. Taking as a point of departure the proposal that indices occupy syntactic positions in anaphoric DPs (Schwarz 2009, Simonenko 2014, a.o.), I examine the open issue of how anaphoric modifiers, particularly same, are predicted to interact with this proposed structural complexity. Based on the morphosyntactic behavior of definite descriptions with same, I argue that indices may be housed in DP structure in different ways. I argue moreover that the behavior of same in both anaphoric and non-anaphoric contexts supports the view that same is syntactically an equative degree head (Alrenga 2007, Oxford 2010), whose selectional properties are mirrored in a range of equative constructions. Finally, I propose an analysis of as-relatives selected by same that accounts for their alternation with anaphora, and offer a comparison with restrictive relatives.

Kanuri DP Hypothesis: A Minimalist Approach

This paper examines the structure of Kanuri DP (structure) Hypothesis within the framework of Abney (1987) and Chomsky (1995) Minimalist Programme (MP). In conducting the research, the researcher uses his native speaker intuition and other three competent native speakers of Kanuri to validate the data of this study. The study identifies Kanuri determiners as post head modifier language. The study identifies also two types of demonstrative modifiers –near and far demonstratives. The near demonstratives agree with their head nouns while the far demonstratives take both singular and plural head nouns. The far demonstratives do not show any form of agreement morphology between the nouns and their demonstrative modifiers. The analysis of DP Hypothesis shows the NP complement moves to the specifier position in the surface syntax which give rise to complement-head (C-H) order. The study further analyzes possessives, demonstratives and quantifiers under the DP hypothesis. The outcome of the study reveals that possessive determiner ‘nde’ (our) is base generated at the possessive position, moves and fills the D position under the DP in Kanuri while the far demonstrative ‘tudu’ (that) is also base generated at the Dem. Position of the determiner phrase (DP) -hence the D position is strong head position moves and fills the D position and the noun ‘fato’ (house) moves to the specifier position of the determiner phrase (DP) in order to check agreement feature in Kanuri.

Polish–English bilingual children overuse referential markers: MLU inflation in Polish-language narratives

Polish and English differ in the surface realization of the underlying Determiner Phrase (DP): Polish lacks an article system, whereas English makes use of articles for both grammatical and pragmatic reasons. This difference has an impact on how referentiality is rendered in both languages. In this article, the authors investigate the use of referential markers by Polish–English bilingual children and Polish monolingual children. Using the LITMUS-MAIN picture stories, the authors collected speech samples of Polish–English bilinguals raised in the UK ( n = 92, mean age 5;7) and compared them with matched Polish monolinguals ( n = 92, mean age 5;7). The analyses revealed that the bilinguals’ mean length of utterance (MLU) in Polish was significantly higher than that of the monolinguals because the bilinguals produced significantly more referential markers (especially pronouns) which inflated their MLU. The authors posit that the non-standard referentiality used by the bilinguals in Polish is caused by cross-language transfer at the syntax–pragmatics interface. When producing narratives in Polish, Polish–English bilinguals overuse referential markers as cohesive devices in their stories, which is not ungrammatical, but pragmatically odd in Polish. Bilinguals tend to do this because they are immersed in English-language input, rich in overt pronouns. Thus, in the process of realizing the surface features of the Polish DP they partly rely on an underlying English DP structure.

The syntax and semantics of nominal modifiers in Spanish: interpretations, types and ordering facts

This article provides an overview of the main facts and theories regarding nominal modifiers, with attention to the internal division of the low DP-structure (gender, number and N). The article presents first the notion of modification seen from the perspectives of semantics and syntax (§1); adjective classes are discussed in §2. §3 discusses the contrasts between prenominal and postnominal adjectives; §4 discusses the ordering of adjectives in sequences; §5 reviews the main theories that account for the facts discussed in §3 and §4. §6 moves to prepositional modifiers, presenting facts and theories about them. §7 presents the conclusions.

Effect of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of Dual Phase Steels Composed of Ferrite and Martensite

ABSTRACTIt is well-known that dual phase (DP) steels composed of ferrite and martensite have good ductility and plasticity as well as high strength. Due to their excellent mechanical properties, DP steels are widely used in the industrial field. The mechanical properties of DP steels strongly depend on several factors such as fraction, distribution and grain size of each phase. In this study, the grain size effect on mechanical properties of DP steels was investigated. In order to obtain DP structures with different grain sizes, intercritical heat treatment in ferrite + austenite two-phase region was carried out for ferrite-pearlite structures having coarse and fine ferrite grain sizes. These ferrite-pearlite structures with coarse and fine grains were fabricated by two types of heat treatments; austenitizing heat treatment and repetitive heat treatment. Ferrite grain sizes of the specimens heat-treated by austenitizing and repetitive heat treatment were 47.5 µm (coarse grain) and 4.5 µm (fine grain), respectively. The ferrite grain sizes in the final DP structures fabricated from the coarse-grained and fine-grained ferrite-pearlite structures were 58.3 µm and 4.1µm, respectively. The mechanical behavior of the DP structures with different grain sizes was evaluated by an uniaxial tensile test at room temperature. The local strain distribution in the specimens during tensile test was obtained by a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Results of the tensile test showed that the fine-grained DP structure had higher strength and larger elongation than the coarse-grained DP structure. It was found by the DIC analysis that the fine-grained DP structure showed homogeneous deformation compared with the coarse-grained DP structure.

Photonic Bloch Oscillations and Zener Tunneling in Dual-Periodical Multilayers Made of Porous Silicon: Effect of Angle of Incidence

Experimental evidence of photon Bloch Oscillations (PBOs) and Zener tunneling (ZT) in dual-periodical (DP) superlattices made of porous silicon (PSi), is presented. An introduction of linear gradient in physical layer thicknesses in DP structure, composed by stacking two different periodic substructures N times, where (N-1) resonances appear, i.e, WSLs resonances and Zener tunneling of the nearest resonances of two consecutive minibands can be observed depending on the values of applied gradient. Theoretical time-resolved reflection and scattering state maps show photonic Bloch oscillations (BOs) and Zener tunneling for a range of incidence angles. Measured reflection reveals the presence of Wannier-Stark ladders (WSLs) and ZT in the near infrared region.

Microstructural Control of Dual Phase Structure Formed by Partial Reversion from Cold-Deformed Martensite

Dual phase (DP) structure formed by partial reversion from cold-deformed martensite was investigated to improve mechanical property of DP steel by grain refinement strengthening. A low carbon martensitic steel (0.15C-1.0Mn) was cold-rolled and then held just above A1 temperature to partially form austenite. In particular, the conditions of cold-rolling rate (0~60% reduction in thickness) and heating rate (0.083 and 100 K/s) were varied to understand their effects on the microstructural development of DP structure. Although the recrystallization has never occurred in undeformed martensite, cold-deformed martensite was more easily recrystallized before reversion with increasing rolling rate and lowering heating rate. Then, the matrix of DP structure was changed from tempered martensite to recrystallized ferrite, which had a large influence on the distribution of fresh martensite transformed from reversed austenite. The higher rolling and heating rates resulted in the finer DP structure, leading to a large improvement in strength level.