Elucidating cosmological model dependence with $$H_0$$

We observe that the errors on the Hubble constant $$H_0$$ H 0 , a universal parameter in any FLRW cosmology, can be larger in specific cosmological models than Gaussian processes (GP) data reconstruction. We comment on the prior mean function and trace the smaller GP errors to stronger correlations, which we show precludes all well studied dynamical dark energy models. We also briefly illustrate cosmographic expansions as another model independent cosmological reconstruction. Our analysis suggests that “cosmological model independence”, especially in the statement of Hubble tension, has become a misnomer.

FLRW-cosmology in generic gravity theories

We prove that for the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker metric, the field equations of any generic gravity theory in arbitrary dimensions are of the perfect fluid type. The cases of general Lovelock and $${\mathcal {F}}(R, {\mathcal {G}})$$ F ( R , G ) theories are given as examples.

FLRW cosmology of induced dark energy model and open universe

We investigate the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) type cosmology of the induced dark energy model and illustrate that the extra terms emerging from the fifth dimension can play the role of dark energy. The model predicts the expansion with deceleration at early time and acceleration in late time for an open universe.