Ceramic Mass Modifiers for the Production of Wall Ceramic Products

Modern methods of improving the characteristics of ceramic products by introducing modifying additives based on various industrial wastes into the composition of the ceramic mass are considered. The compositions of ceramic masses and some features of the technology of manufacturing ceramic products using industrial waste are described. A diagram for the distribution of wastes from various industries (modifiers of the ceramic mass) according to the main type of action and predominant oxides is proposed.

The effect of grinding the loaded surface on the strength of masonry wall ceramic products in compression

Целью исследования является определение наиболее эффективных методов испытаний керамических кладочных изделий на сжатие. Необходимо уточнение методики испытаний пустотных керамических кладочных изделий,изготовленных методом пластического формования, имеющих на нагружаемой (опорной) поверхности каверны, наплывы, пустоты. Требуется сопоставить полученные результаты с данными зарубежных стандартов и рекомендовать использовать полученные результаты в отечественных стандартах в целях их гармонизации с европейскими стандартами. Исследуются методы испытания на сжатие керамического кирпича пластического формирования при трех типах подготовки нагружаемых поверхностей, используемых в действующем стандарте ГОСТ 8462. Получены статистические данные о прочности кирпича, при испытаниях с использованием прокладок между прессом и поверхностью кирпича из технического войлока, с предварительным шлифованием опорных поверхностей, а также с использованием подливки цементным раствором. На основании полученных результатов даются рекомендации по испытаниям с учетом международного опыта.

Face Ceramic Brick of Soft Molding Based on Opoka-Like Raw Materials

This article reflects the results of a set of studies on obtaining a face ceramic brick of soft molding with the search for raw materials and the development of an optimal production technology. It proposed and formulated the basic requirements for opoka-like rocks for the production of various types of wall ceramic products. They include recommendations on the chemical composition and such physical, mechanical and technological properties as density in the piece, natural humidity, porosity, mineral composition, compressive strength of the baked samples, fire shrinkage, water absorption, average density, etc. We proposed the so-called "soft molding" as a production technology. It is based on the principle of filling individual forms with a ceramic mass that has a certain plasticity and binding capacity. The appearance of such a brick is characterized by the absence of smooth edges and sides and rounded corners. The sand used for spilling forms produces a special effect of velvety and old-looking brick. The conclusions based on the results of laboratory and technological research as well as factory tests revealed the great promise for using opoka-like rocks as a raw material for the production of face ceramic bricks of soft molding.

SINTERING AND DURABILITY OF CLAYAND DIOPSIDE-CONTAINING CERAMIC AND FAIENCE WALL MATERIALS

The paper summarizes the research results of sintering and durability of wall ceramic materi-als modified by diopside-containing raw products and based on low-melting-point clays and loams, and kaolinand high-melting-point clay faience. Mechanical-and-physical properties of ceramic materials are identified and studied after annealing, depending on the diopside content. It is shown that depending on the content and introduction of clay minerals in the ceramic mixture, both coarse (0.5–1 mm) and fine (0.06 mm, dominating particle size of 0.01–0.015 mm) dis-persed diopside particles can be used. It is found that for loams with the clay mineral content of less than 10 wt.%, the addition of finely-dispersed diopside particles is more efficient. The latter provides ceramic sintering at 1000–1100 °С and increases its strength by 1.5–2 times. The intro-duction of dispersion diopside particles in the faience mixture lowers the annealing temperature from 1250 to 1150 °С with a simultaneous increase in its strength.