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2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-74
Author(s):  
Igor Mel’čuk

Abstract A morphemic phraseme is a phraseme (= a constrained combination of linguistic signs) composed of morphemes that are part of the same wordform. Like a lexemic phraseme, a morphemic phraseme has a segmental signifier. All logically possible types of morphemic phrasemes are presented and illustrated: morphemic idioms, collocations, nominemes and clichés. Formally, these can be phraseologized complex stems, phraseologized complex affixes and phraseologized wordforms. A syntactic phraseme is a phraseme that includes at least two minimal syntactic subtrees and whose signifier is non-segmental (it involves prosody or an operation). All syntactic phrasemes are idioms. A syntactic idiom must be distinguished from 1) phrases described by means of semantically loaded surface-syntactic relations; 2) phrases consisting of a lexical unit taken together with its actants; 3) lexemic phrasemes consisting of “light-weight” words, such as Rus. ˹nu i˺ [X]! lit. ‘Well and [X]’ = ‘What an amazing X!’, and 4) lexemic phrasemes with syntactic pecularities. The notion of fictitious lexeme, necessary for designating some syntactic idioms (those that are expressed only by prosody), is introduced. An illustrative list of 29 Russian syntactic idioms is presented, as well as the lexical entries for several Russian syntactic idioms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1(59)) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Sergii Shlyk

The object of research is the processes of pulse explosive loading in an explicit formulation for simulation of complex nonlinear dynamics of solids, gases, and their interactions. One of the most problematic areas of modern studies of nonlinear dynamic loads of materials using a numerical analysis is that such studies usually do not take into account the characteristic transition of the stationary deformation zone of the loaded material to the unsteady one and the front pressure and shockwave velocity variation by time. The work is aimed at developing a mathematical model of a pulsed load of materials by a shockwave, developing a mathematical apparatus for calculating the parameters of a shockwave, creating analytical dependences of the interaction of a shockwave with a loaded surface. A study of dynamic explosive loading using software based on an explicit method for solving the equations of continuum mechanics is proposed. In this work, the stress-state equation at a point of the material under pulsed load conditions was further developed, methods for determining the principal stresses and the invariant of the stress tensor, taking into account the pulsed nature of the load, were established. The character of the behavior of the shockwave formed as a result of the detonation of the explosive has been established. Analytical dependences of the interaction of a shockwave with a loaded surface are compiled. A mathematical apparatus has been developed for calculating such parameters of the shockwave as the detonation front pressure and its change in time and the velocity of the shockwave at the moment when it reaches the surface. Mathematical dependences have been developed and proposed, which, in contrast to the existing ones, make it possible to determine the current values of stresses and strains passing through the points of the actual stress curve, as well as the intensity of stresses and strains under pulse loading of metals. On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies of the parameters of body material deformation under the action of explosive loading, the mechanisms of destruction of the KrAZ «Shrek» and KrAZ «Fiona» (Ukraine) specialized armored vehicles body were clarified to establish the compliance of the declared landmine resistance of vehicles with the STANAG 4569 standardization agreement.


Author(s):  
Юлия Андреевна Завьялова ◽  
Мария Александровна Лапшина ◽  
Александр Анатольевич Трещев

Объектами рассмотренных исследований послужил частный случай оболочечных конструкций, а именно оболочка вращения - замкнутая круговая цилиндрическая, так как подобные сооружения весьма часто встречаются при проектировании и строительстве промышленных и гражданских объектов, а также в энергетике. Особенностью конструкции исследуемых оболочек являются материалы, из которых они выполнены, обладают анизотропией двоякого характера. Рассмотрена структурная анизотропия материала уровня ортотропии в совокупности с деформационной, появляющейся в зависимости жесткостных и прочностных свойств от вида напряженного состояния. Оболочка загружается внутренним давлением, которое сводится к равномерно распределенной осесимметричной нагрузки. Кроме того, при постановке задачи строительной механики учтено, что конкретные сооружения эксплуатируются не в идеальном стационаром изолированном пространстве, а в среде с изменяющимися температурными параметрами. При этом учтена вероятность проявления температурного перепада между внутренней загруженной поверхностью оболочки и наружной - свободной от силового воздействия. Известно, что в общем случае температурные и силовые поля взаимосвязаны, а распределение температуры в материале конструкции зависит от напряженного состояния, но как показали многочисленные исследования, связанность термомеханической задачи заметно проявляется только в короткий начальный период температурного изменения до возникновения установившегося перепада. Поэтому в представленной статье задача по термосиловому нагружению цилиндрической оболочки рассматривается в несвязанной постановке, когда общую задачу можно разделить на две независимые: строительной механики и термодинамики. Учитывая, что классические теории термомеханики оболочек, выполненных из материалов, обладающих анизотропией двоякого характера, не позволяют получить достаточно надежные результаты, а большинство известных моделей, предназначенных для указанных материалов, обладают серьезными недостатками, здесь использована методика нормированного тензорного пространства напряжений. В статье представлена система дифференциальных уравнений задачи термоупругости цилиндрической оболочки из материалов с усложненными термомеханическими свойствами. Приведены отдельные решения с наиболее характерными результатами расчета напряженно-деформированного состояния оболочки с их анализом. The objects of the considered studies were a special case of shell structures, namely, the shell of rotation - a closed circular cylindrical one, since such structures are very often found in the design and construction of industrial and civil facilities, as well as in the energy sector. A special feature of the design of the studied shells is the materials, which have anisotropy of a twofold nature. The structural anisotropy of the material of the orthotropy level is considered in conjunction with the deformation one, which appears depending on the stiffness and strength properties of the type of stress state. The shell is loaded with internal pressure, which is reduced to a uniformly distributed axisymmetric load. In addition, when setting the problem of construction mechanics, it is taken into account that specific structures are operated not in an ideal stationary isolated space, but in an environment with changing temperature parameters. At the same time, the probability of a temperature difference between the inner loaded surface of the shell and the outer surface - free from force action-is taken into account. It is known that in the general case, the temperature and force fields are interrelated, and the temperature distribution in the material of the structure depends on the stress state, but as numerous studies have shown, the connectivity of the thermomechanical problem is noticeable only in the short initial period of temperature change before the occurrence of a steady drop. Therefore, in the present article, the problem of thermal force loading of a cylindrical shell is considered in an unrelated formulation, when the general problem can be divided into two independent ones: structural mechanics and thermodynamics. Given that the classical theories of thermomechanics of shells made of materials with anisotropy of a twofold nature do not allow us to obtain sufficiently reliable results, and most of the known models designed for these materials have serious drawbacks, the method of normalized tensor stress space is used here. The article presents a system of differential equations for the problem of thermoelasticity of a cylindrical shell made of materials with complicated thermomechanical properties. Separate solutions with the most characteristic results of calculating the stress-strain state of the shell and their analysis are presented.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Pados-Dibattista ◽  
Christof Pearce ◽  
Henrieka Detlef ◽  
Jørgen Brendtsen ◽  
Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz

Abstract. The Northeast Greenland shelf is highly sensitive to climate and ocean variability because it is swept by the East Greenland Current, which, through the western Fram Strait, forms the main pathway of export of sea ice and cold water masses from the Arctic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean. We carried out benthic foraminiferal assemblage, stable isotope- and sedimentological analyses of a marine sediment core retrieved from the Northeast Greenland shelf (core DA17-NG-ST7-73), which provided a multiproxy reconstruction of Holocene paleoceanographic conditions. The results reveal significant variations in the water masses and thus, in the strength of the East Greenland Current over the last ca. 9.4 ka BP. Between 9.4 and 8.2 ka BP the water column off Northeast Greenland was highly stratified, with cold, sea ice-loaded surface waters and strong influx of warm Atlantic Water in the subsurface. At ~8.4 ka BP a short-lived peak in terrestrial elements may be linked to influx of ice-berg transported sediments and thus, to the so-called 8.2 ka event. Holocene Thermal Maximum like conditions prevailed from 8.2 to 6.2 ka BP, with a strong influence of the Return Atlantic Current and a weakened transport of Polar Water in the upper East Greenland Current. After 6.2 ka BP we recorded a return to a more stratified water column with sea-ice loaded surface waters and still Atlantic-sourced subsurface waters. After 4.2 ka BP increased Polar Water at the surface of the East Greenland Current and reduction of the Return Atlantic Water at subsurface levels led to freshening and reduced stratification of the water column and (near) perennial sea-ice cover. The Neoglaciation started at 3.2 ka BP at our location, characterized by a strengthened East Greenland Current. Cold subsurface water conditions with possible sea-ice cover and minimum surface water productivity persisted here throughout the last ~3 kyr.


Author(s):  
Ming Yan ◽  
Yilin Wu ◽  
Rongxin Lin ◽  
Faguang Ma ◽  
Zhongyi Jiang

Although many researchers have done lots of studies on improving the selective separation performance of membrane materials, conceptions and applications of membrane-based molecular imprinting separation&recognition with both high permselectivity and...


Author(s):  
Oleg Ponomarev ◽  
◽  
Mikhail Mukhin ◽  
Anton Vetkov ◽  
Aleksandra Ivanova ◽  
...  

Целью исследования является определение наиболее эффективных методов испытаний керамических кладочных изделий на сжатие. Необходимо уточнение методики испытаний пустотных керамических кладочных изделий,изготовленных методом пластического формования, имеющих на нагружаемой (опорной) поверхности каверны, наплывы, пустоты. Требуется сопоставить полученные результаты с данными зарубежных стандартов и рекомендовать использовать полученные результаты в отечественных стандартах в целях их гармонизации с европейскими стандартами. Исследуются методы испытания на сжатие керамического кирпича пластического формирования при трех типах подготовки нагружаемых поверхностей, используемых в действующем стандарте ГОСТ 8462. Получены статистические данные о прочности кирпича, при испытаниях с использованием прокладок между прессом и поверхностью кирпича из технического войлока, с предварительным шлифованием опорных поверхностей, а также с использованием подливки цементным раствором. На основании полученных результатов даются рекомендации по испытаниям с учетом международного опыта.


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