Investigation on the performance evaluation of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland for the treatment of rural wastewater

In rural country like India, low cost and decentralized treatment unit like vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VSSF CW) can be reflected as a novel wastewater system. In this concern a pilot-scale VSSF CW unit of size 0.92 m × 0.92 m × 0.85 m bed planted with a Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis was operated for a 12-month duration to treat the simulated rural wastewater. During the operation, a constant head arrangement was done to maintain a continuous flow to achieve 5 different Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days in each seasons such as winter, summer and rainy to investigate the performance of unit under different retention time. Reactor showed optimum removal efficiency at 6 days HRT at 12.5 cm/day Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) for organic matter removal. Both macrophytes and microbial biomass of filter media were effectively treated the rural wastewater. Average removal efficiency of the reactor during entire study were 64.73%–88.80% for Chemical Oxygen Demand, 74.96%–95.34% for Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 40.13%–79.45% for Ammonia Nitrogen, 25.36%–65.65% for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, 22.86%–58.48% for Phosphate phosphorus, 23.50%–55.45% for Total phosphorous, 74.91%–98.59% for Faecal Coliforms and 71.14%–95.31% for Total Coliforms respectively. Two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's test showed that HRT had a significant impact on removal efficiency but not the season. Overall performance of the unit was good and study suggested that VSSF CW can be an smart alternative technology to treat rural wastewater before the final disposal.

Effect of HRT and seasons on the performance of pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland to treat rural wastewater

To find the effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and seasons on the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) in treating rural wastewater, a pilot scale unit 2.5 m × 0.4 m × 0.3 m size bed planted with a Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis was operated for a 12-month duration. During the study 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days of HRT were maintained in winter, summer, and rainy seasons. The removal efficiency obtained was ranges from 62.09 to 87.23% for Chemical Oxygen Demand, 69.58% to 93.32% for Biochemical Oxygen Demand5 (BOD), 31.55% to 59.89% for Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N), 15.18% to 52.90% for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 21.02% to 50.21% for Phosphate Phosphorus (PO43− P), 19.82% to 48.23% for, Total phosphorus (TP), 74.93% to 93.10% for Faecal Coliform (FC) and 69.93% to 90.23% Total Coliform (TC). Overall, results showed that the performance of the unit was good. For statistical analysis two way ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test was used with a 95% level of significance. It was observed that the removal efficiency of the pollutants were increased with an increase in HRT. HRT of 6 days found as adequate for significant removal of organic matter (COD and BOD). Seasonal removal efficiencies followed the order of summer > rainy > winter for all the parameters, but the difference was not statistically significant.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH (IPAL) DOMESTIK DENGAN METODE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND DI PERUMAHAN BUMI CIRUAS PERMAI 1 KABUPATEN SERANG

Peningkatan pencemaran lingkungan yang terjadi di Kecamatan Ciruas berakibat pada penurunan kualitas air sungai di wilayah Kecamatan Ciruas. Kontribusi pencemaran terjadi dikarenakan belum adanya sarana pengolahan air limbah yang maksimal. Perumahan BCP 1 adalah salah satu penghasil limbah domestik berupa limbah grey water dan black water. Perumahan ini belum terdapat fasilitas pengolahan baik limbah grey water dan black water. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sistem pengolahan air limbah grey water yang tepat dan efisien. Salah satu alternatifnya adalah dengan metode subsurface flow wetland. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui volume air limbah yang dihasilkan oleh masyarakat Perumahan BCP 1 dan untuk membuat desain pengolahan air limbah. Penelitian pengolahan limbah domestik ini menggunakan tanaman rumput payung (Cyperus alternifolius). Perencanaan IPAL di Perumahan BCP 1 mempertimbangkan aspek kualitas air limbah domestik yang dihasilkan setiap harinya. Kualitas air limbah domestik menunjukkan nilai COD 19,8 mg/L; BOD 12,75 mg/L; TSS 84 mg/L dan pH 7,6. Kemudian dilakukan analisis perhitungan masing-masing unit IPAL yang akan direncanakan di perumahan BCP 1 agar sesuai dengan kriteria baku mutu sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia No. P.68/MENLHK-SETJEN/2016. Sistem IPAL direncanakan terdiri dari unit bak ekualisasi, Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland dengan tanaman Cyperus alternifolius, dan kolam penampungan. Hasil perencanaan menunjukkan efisiensi pengolahan untuk TSS sebesar 88%; BOD sebesar 12,75 mg/L; COD sebesar 19,8 mg/L; pH sebesar 7,6. Dengan efisiensi tersebut effluent limbah cair IPAL telah memenuhi baku mutu yang ditentukan. Anggaran biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk pembangunan IPAL adalah Rp. 588.191.894.

Simulation and optimization of hydraulic performance of small baffled subsurface flow constructed wetland

The water body inside the constructed wetland is affected by various factors, and the flow state is relatively complicated. There will always be a certain degree of low velocity area and rapid outflow phenomenon, which makes part of the space in the wetland unable to be effectively used. Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology, this paper uses Fluent's porous media model and discrete phase model to establish a hydrodynamic model of up and down baffled subsurface flow constructed wetland system. The internal flow field of the wetland is simulated, and the hydraulic performance of different baffle settings and substrate laying methods in the wetland is systematically evaluated. The results show that: up and down baffled subsurface flow constructed, with the same number of baffles, the hydraulic efficiency of the first baffle at the lower part of the substrate will be greater. Compared with the position of the baffle, the increase in the number of baffles does not significantly improve the hydraulic efficiency of the constructed wetland. The substrate layer thickness ratio has a significant effect on the two parameters of the variance of the hydraulic residence time distribution (σ2) and the flow divergence (σ02). By increasing the thickness of the middle substrate, the low flow rate phenomenon caused by the small porosity substrate area of the upper layer and the rapid outflow phenomenon of the lower substrate can be improved to a certain extent, the utilization efficiency of the middle substrate layer is improved, and the hydraulic performance is increased. The research results are of great significance for improving the utilization of wetland space and ensuring its efficient decontamination and purification function.

PENGGUNAAN LAHAN BASAH BUATAN ALIRAN VERTIKAL BAWAH PERMUKAAN DENGAN TANAMAN Typha latifolia DAN Cyperus papyrus DALAM MENYISIHKAN BESI (Fe) DAN MANGAN (Mn) PADA AIR SUMUR BOR

Air sumur bor pada salah satu rumah di Jl. SMK 1 Gambut, Kecamatan Gambut, Kabupaten Banjar mengandung konsentrasi besi (Fe) dan mangan (Mn) yang melebihi standar baku mutu menurut PerMenKes RI No. 32 Tahun 2017 yaitu konsentrasi Fe tidak lebih dari 1 mg/L dan Mn 0,5 mg/L. Salah satu teknologi untuk menyisihkan konsentrasi Fe dan Mn adalah Lahan Basah Buatan Aliran Vertikal Bawah Permukaan (LBB-AVBP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas LBB-AVBP dalam menyisihkan Fe dan Mn pada air sumur bor menggunakan tanaman Typha latifolia dan Cyperus papyrus serta menentukan waktu kontak optimal yang diperlukan sistem pengolahan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan reactor berbahan kayu yang dilapisi plastik dengan dimensi 90 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm serta menggunakan tanaman Typha latifolia dan Cyperus papyrus, dengan media tanam tanah dicampurkan dengan 10% pupuk kandang sapi. Sistem aliran LBB- AVBP secara kontinyu dengan variasi waktu kontak 1, 3, dan 5 hari, debit pengaliran 20 mL/menit, 6 mL/menit, dan 4 mL/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LBB-AVBP efektif dalam menyisihkan konsentrasi Fe dan Mn dengan tingkat efisiensi penyisihan Fe sebesar 99,94% dan penyisihan Mn sebesar 88,36%. Waktu kontak optimal menyisihkan Fe dan Mn menggunakan tanaman Typha latifolia adalah pada waktu kontak 1 hari, sedangkan pada tanaman Cyperus papyrus waktu kontak 3 hari. Kata Kunci : air sumur bor, besi, Cyperus papyrus, lahan basah buatan aliran vertikal bawah permukaan, mangan, Typha latifolia. The wellbore water in one of the houses at SMK 1 Gambut’s Street, Gambut’s Sub-district, Banjar’s district contains concentrations of Fe and Mn more than maximum limit allowed by Regulation of the Minister of Health the Republic of Indonesia number 32 of 2017, the concentrations of Fe shouldn’t be more than 1 mg/L and Mn 0,5 mg/L. One of technology could be used to eliminate Fe and Mn is Vertical Subsurface flow constructed wetland. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of LBB-AVBP to eliminate Fe and Mn in the drilled wells water using Typha latifolia and Cyperus papyrus and the optimal contact time required in the processing system. This research using a reactor made of wood coated with plastic with dimension 90 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm using Typha latifolia and Cyperus papyrus with the soil media mixing 10 % of cow manure. LBB-AVBP system continuously with contact time 1, 3, and 5 days, the debit is 20 ml/minute, 6 ml/minute, and 4 ml/minute. LBB-AVBP effective to eliminate the concentration of Fe and Mn respectively at 99,94% and 88,36%. The optimal contact time to eliminate Fe and Mn using Typha latifolia is 1 days, Cyperus papyrus is 3 days. Keywords: Cyperus papyrus, iron, manganese, Typha latifolia, vertical Subsurface flow constructed wetland, wellbore water.