Energy Scenario of Three Wheeler Electric and Gasoline Vehicle in Hetauda

The global shifting away from petroleum fuels and towards more renewable energy sources has resulted in a significant progress in favor of vehicle electrification. The uptake of electric vehicle in the existing fleet of vehicles has positive impacts in the reduction of emissions and reduces the carbon footprints by moving in to greener transport. Nepal is a hydropower resource rich developing country; it can use its clean source of hydroelectricity for public transport electrification. Use of hydroelectricity for transport electrification can help to reduce the dependence on petroleum fuels with significant environmental benefits. This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of Hetauda through primary data survey of 4086 three wheeler as 1874 and 2212 as gasoline and electric respectively. Three scenarios are considered business-as-usual (BAU), ETRM 100 (100% electric tempo replacement)and ETRM 75 (75% electric tempo replacement). Energy demand of Hetauda is 230.4TJ and will be increased to 333.5TJ for the accounting year 2018 and 2035 respectively.

Impacts of Climate Change and Climate Variability on Hydropower Potential in Data-Scarce Regions Subjected to Multi-Decadal Variability

To achieve sustainable development of hydroelectric resources, it is necessary to understand their availability, variability, and the expected impacts of climate change. Current research has mainly focused on estimating hydropower potential or determining the optimal locations for hydropower projects without considering the variability and historical trends of the resources. Herein, the hydropower potential variability from reconstructed streamflow series estimated with a non-parametric gap-filling method and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques are analyzed. The relationships between hydropower and large-scale climate variability, expressed by sea surface temperature, are explored. Finally, we project hydropower potential through 2050 using 15 global circulation models with representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5. We used four watersheds in central Chile as a case study. The results show significant interannual and inter-basin hydropower potential variability, with decreasing trends over time modulated by alternating positive and negative decadal trends; these modulations exhibit greater intensities than the general trends and are attributable to climatic oscillations such as El Niño. Future scenarios indicate high hydropower availability and a possible over-investment in hydroelectric plants in two of the four studied watersheds. Results show the need to improve the current policies that promote hydropower development including hydropower resource variability in order to achieve optimal, sustainable hydropower development worldwide.

Forecasting of Chinese Hydropower Generation Using WASD-Neuronet

Hydropower resource is one of the renewable energy sources. With the increasing Chinese economy, people are paying much more attention to sustainable development. The increasing hydropower load is the basis of the development of power industry. Due to the characteristics of electrical energy, predicting the hydropower accurately is a potentially beneficial way to plan hydropower reasonably. This paper presents a neural network method to predict hydropower generation whose data is influenced by several factors such as social economic, population and climate. By using the past 52-year rough data, a 3-layer feedforward neuronet equipped with the weights and structure determination (WASD) method is constructed for the prediction of the Chinese hydropower generation in this paper. By processing mass of data, we could basically predict the hydropower generation using such a WASD neuronet. To a large extent, the trend of developing Chinese hydropower generation in the next years will keep growing.

The Status and Future Prospects of Hydropower for Sustainable Water and Energy Development in Tanzania

Tanzania is among the countries with the fastest growing economy in Africa and therefore the need for affordable, clean, and most importantly sustainable electrical energy to meet her ever growing demands is pressing. In recent years, the country’s electricity needs have been largely dominated by thermal generations despite the fact that Tanzania is gifted with huge hydropower resource potential approximated at 38,000 MW with only a very small portion exploited to date. However, the exploited potential is expected to grow by commissioning of identified large and medium-scale hydropower projects with a total installed capacity of 4,765 MW currently under various stages of implementation. Moreover, the geographical location of Tanzania has several benefits to support development of small hydropower projects essential for appropriate utilization of available water resources as a way of mitigating climate challenges effects. Over the last decade, the country electricity demand along with end-use of energy has witnessed significant increases as economic development spreads towards achieving Vision 2025 goals. Proposed hydropower developments are projected to have enormous benefits in the acceleration of economic growth while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. In this paper, hydropower, which is one of the domestic options for clean energy development path, its present and future potential status, and water resources are explored based on a comprehensive review of energy sector relevant documents and polices.